Library Collections: Document: Full Text


The Jukes in 1915

Creator: Arthur H. Estabrook (author)
Date: 1916
Publisher: Carnegie Institution of Washington
Source: Available at selected libraries

I. INTRODUCTION.

1  

In 1875 Richard L. Dugdale made the first public announcement of his study of the Juke family in the annual report of the Prison Association of New York, of whose executive committee he was a member. In July 1874 he was chosen a committee of one to inspect thirteen of the county jails of the State of New York. He made a tour of the State, inspected the jails, and in each place asked of every prisoner a set of questions which had been formulated by him with the help of Dr. Elisha Harris (then corresponding secretary of the association) regarding the prisoners' heredity and environment. No particular cases of striking family history were discovered until he reached Z County, where he found six persons under four family names, who were blood relations in some degree. "The oldest -Benjamin, see charts 3 and 1, IV 63-, a man of fifty-five, was awaiting trial for receiving stolen goods; his daughter -VI 217-, aged eighteen, held as witness against him; her uncle -Antonio, V 66-, aged forty-two, burglary in the first degree; the illegitimate daughter of the latter's wife, aged twelve years, upon which child the latter had attempted rape, to be sent to the reformatory for vagrancy; and two brothers in another branch of the family -VI 2 and VI 4-, aged respectively nineteen and fourteen, accused of an assault with intent to kill, they having maliciously pushed a child over a high cliff and nearly killed him." Consultation with the sheriff of the county and with a physician 84 years of age, who had practiced in that and neighboring counties, showed that these people belonged to a long lineage, reaching back to the early settlers of New York State, and that they had intermarried little with immigrant stock, and were therefore a strictly American family.

2  

In 1877 the report was again published, this time in book form, by G. P. Putnam & Sons, and is now in its fourth edition. The book has been widely read and has had a great influence. It has stimulated discussion and led many to study the interaction of the "forces of heredity and environment." Dugdale was very cautious in the conclusions which he drew. The book does not demonstrate the inheritance of criminality, pauperism, or harlotry, but it does show that heredity with certain environmental conditions determines criminality, harlotry, and pauperism.

3  

In this book, as in Dugdale's, all names are fictitious. It has seemed best, for purposes of the treatment, to assign names to certain heads of families in the middle generations as Dugdale did in the earlier. The original data are on file at the Eugenics Record Office, Cold Spring Harbor, New York.

4  

The present study of the Juke family was made possible by the chance discovery of the original manuscript Juke record of Dugdale. In the fall of 1911, Mrs. 0. F. Lewis, wife of the General Secretary of the Prison Association of New York, while looking over a lot of papers stored away in the cellar of the Prison Association building, found this valuable paper in Dugdale's handwriting. It was recognized by Dr. Lewis, who kindly gave the Eugenics Record Office permission to copy the names and other data not found in the Juke publication. With the names as a foundation the present study has resulted.

5  

In January 1912 the investigation was started. It has been persistently carried on for three years in fourteen States of the Union. Every Juke possible to see has been personally visited. It is hoped that inaccuracies in the following report are few. Care has been taken to check all data secured, and the writer feels it to be as free from error as possible, considering the limits of time and expense. Official records from State prisons, county clerks' offices, and sheriffs' books have been used for data as to crime. Records of State Boards of Charities, almshouses, and poor commissioners have been used for data of pauperism. Other institutional records have been used in suitable cases. In every instance free access to all records has been willingly given; without this cooperation this study would be very incomplete. Particularly helpful has been the interest of the county officials of Z county, especially the two county judges who hold office during the course of the study. The rest of the data was secured from observation by the investigator and from conversation with others. When informants are biased in their opinion of the Jukes and their traits, or are suspicious of a wrong motive on the part of the investigator, the problem of accuracy becomes more difficult. It is possible sometimes to overcome this by a study of the informant. Owing to the fact that the people described are studied and weighed by one person, the comparisons made have a special value. The standard of the investigator, to be sure, will vary from time to time, but the pendulum will not swing far from the mean.

II. SUMMARY OF JUKES.

6  

1. Jukes of Dugdale.

7  

Dugdale studied 709 persons, 540 being of Juke blood and 169 of "X" blood who had married into the Juke family. He estimated that the Juke family would consist of 1,200 persons were it possible to have traced all the lines of descent from the original 6 sisters. Of the 709 whom he studied, 180 had either been in the poorhouse or received outdoor relief to the extent of 800 years. There had been 140 criminals and offenders, 60 habitual thieves, 7 lives sacrificed by murder, 50 common prostitutes, 40 women venereally diseased contaminating 440 persons, and 30 prosecutions in bastardy. The total cost to the State of New York of this one group of mental and social degenerates was estimated, for a period of 75 years beginning in 1800, at $1,308,000.

8  

2. Jukes to 1915 for Purposes of Comparison.

9  

In the present investigation, 2,820 people have been studied, inclusive of all considered by Dugdale; 2,094 were of Juke blood and 726 of "X" blood who married into the Juke family; of these 366 were paupers, while 171 were criminals; and 10 lives have been sacrificed by murder. In school work 62 did well, 288 did fairly, while 458 were retarded two or more years. It is known that 166 never attended school; the school data for the rest of the family were unobtainable. There were 282 intemperate and 277 harlots. The total cost to the State has been estimated at $2,093,685.

III. HABITAT AND SOCIAL STATUS.

10  

Situated at an elevation of 200 feet above sea-level, in a rugged, hilly, thinly populated, woody region, is a chain of five lakes. The first three of these, much smaller than the other two, are almost surrounded by high, overtowering rocks which descend into the lakes so steeply that in some places there is no foothold to be had at the water's edge. Between huge clefts in the rock are small patches of land once the home of the early Jukes, but now desolate except for the wild animals which live in the caves once used by the Jukes as both homes and places in which to hide stolen booty. Here a sum of $90,000, stolen in a bank burglary, was hidden for some time. The other two lakes are much larger and are situated 1 1/4 miles from the first three, and are in a comparatively fertile and populous region. The rocks which compose this mountain ledge were useful for cement, and the working of this rock furnished employment to many Jukes. The unused tunnel openings and crumbled-down cement burners may still be seen, although unused for the past 30 years. Many of the Jukes, devoid of personal fear, and fond of hazards, worked in these mines. One of the Jukes living at present has many pieces of cement rock embedded in the flesh of his face, neck, and shoulders, as the result of an explosion while thus employed.

11  

Most of the original Jukes were squatters on the soil and became owners by occupancy. They lived in stone or log houses, usually of one or at the most two rooms, the men, women, and children intermingling freely. Here the Jukes lived for a period of 100 years. The cement industry was discontinued in 1880, owing to the introduction of Portland cement, and a general exodus of the remaining Jukes took place. Now there is not a single Juke living in the ancestral area, and only ruins of these abodes remain.

12  

As the Jukes increased in number a community of criminal men, semi-industrious laborers, and licentious women developed. Children grew up in an atmosphere of poverty, crime, and licentiousness. The girls and young women of these families were very comely in appearance and loose in morals. This combination attracted the men from a nearby city, even those of so-called "good" families. These illicit unions brought forth many an illegitimate child, named usually after the supposed father; as a result one finds among the Jukes some of the most honored names of the region. In this way syphilis has been spread from these harlots to the good and virtuous wives in the nearby community. These Jukes were and are still so despised by the reputable communities nearby that the statement of Dugdale's that "their family name had come to be used generically as a term of reproach" is still true. If anyone in the community now commits even a slight indiscretion he is told that he is acting like a "Juke." (1) The owner of one factory in Z (2) kept a list of Juke names in his office. When anyone applied for employment and his family name appeared in the list, he was refused work. Such is the feeling of the community towards the Jukes.


(1) Locally instead of the word Juke being used the name of the five lakes is supplied.

(2) Z refers to a city of 20,000 people near the five lake region where the Jukes lived. Z County is the county in which Z is situated and is the present home of many of the Jukes. Y is a small village in Z County, about one mile from the lake region.

IV. THE FIRST TWO GENERATIONS OF JUKES.

13  

It was in this region, inaccessible and unfertile, that Max was born somewhere between 1720 and 1740. He is described as "a hunter and fisher, a hard drinker, jolly and companionable, and averse to steady toil." He worked by spurts and became blind in his old age. He had many children - two of whom, Harry and Harvey, married two out of six sisters. All these six sisters were children of the same mother and four bore the same family name, while the name of two seems to be obscure, and these are for this reason assumed to be illegitimate. One of these six sisters left the country and nothing is known of her. The other five are the renowned Juke sisters, Ada, Bell, Clara, Delia, and Effie.

14  

Ada, II 1, who is better known both in Z County and to the general public as "Margaret, the mother of criminals," was born about 1755. She had one bastard child, Alexander, III 1, whose descendants are shown in chart 1. The group of Jukes that descended from Alexander is called the illegitimate posterity of Ada. Soon after this, Ada married Lem; II 2, and had four legitimate children (shown in chart 2), who formed the legitimate posterity of Ada. Ada was temperate and healthy, but not industrious, and in her old age received poor relief. Lem is described by Dugdale as follows: "Laborer; lazy; no property; outdoor relief; healthy; temperate; thief; received thirty lashes for sheep stealing; died 1810."

15  

Bell, II 3, sister of Ada, had four bastard children before marriage, three of them mulattoes. She was unindustrious and a pauper, much like her sister. She had no property, received outdoor relief, and was temperate. She married Bruce, II 4, and died in 1832. Bruce was a Revolutionary soldier and received a pension. He was not industrious, never acquired any property, and received outdoor relief. He was temperate and not criminal. They had four legitimate children. The descendants of Bell, both illegitimate and legitimate, are shown in chart 3.

16  

Clara, 11 5, the third of the five sisters, was reputed chaste. Her legitimate posterity are shown in chart 4. She married Lawrence, II 6, who was licentious and had shot a man.

17  

Delia, II 8, the fourth sister, had two bastard and five legitimate children. Of Delia, nothing is known further than that she was a prostitute. She married Harry, II 7, son of old Max. Nothing is known of Harry. The bastard children of Delia had no offspring. Her descendants are shown in chart 5.

18  

There is no personal information about Effie, II 10, the last of the five sisters. She married Harvey, II 9, the other son of old Max mentioned above, who was probably a thief. They had four children, and their descendants are shown in chart 6.

V. DESCENDANTS OF ADA'S ILLEGITIMATE CHILD. (Chart 1.)

19  

The first of the five Juke sisters was Ada, II 1. She was born probably between 1755 and 1760. She was "a harlot before marriage; not industrious; healthy; no property; not criminal; and received outdoor relief in her old age." She had one illegitimate child, Alexander, III 1. The descendants of Alexander are listed in chart 1 of the present book. Ada married Lem, II 2, and had a legitimate posterity shown in chart 2. The illegitimate posterity of Ada, i.e., the descendants of Alexander, will now be described.

20  

Alexander was born in 1784. He was somewhat industrious, a laborer, honest, and temperate. He had no property, received no outdoor relief, and was not a criminal. He married his first cousin, Beatrice, III 18, a daughter of Bell Juke (chart 3). She was "reputable, temperate, not criminal, healthy, and not a pauper." These two lived in the ancestral breeding-spot of the Jukes, "along the forest-covered margin of five lakes, so rocky as to be at some parts inaccessible." Alexander and his wife were squatters on the soil, as were the other original Jukes. This couple had six children - Abe Isaac, IV 2, Alice, IV 5, Albert, IV 7, Amanda, IV 9, Alfred, IV 11, and Amelia, IV 12. All of these were anti-social, though neither parent was. A description of their descendants now follows.

21  

The oldest of their children, Abe Isaac, was licentious when young. He would work well on a spurt, but not steadily. He was reputed to be a sheep-stealer, but was never caught. He had a quarrelsome disposition, was an habitual drunkard, and a recipient of poor relief in his old age.

22  

The second child, Alice, was somewhat industrious and temperate. She became a prostitute at the age of 35 while her husband was in State prison, sentenced for 5 years. She received town help at different periods during her whole life, and died at the age of 70.

23  

Albert, the third child of Alexander, kept a tavern and brothel, was a thief but was never caught, and a recipient of poor relief during practically his whole life. He inherited a few acres of land, upon which he lived at the age of 67, and died at the age of 79.

24  

The fourth child of Alexander was Amanda. She was a harlot and a pauper, and nearly blind.

25  

Alfred was occasionally intemperate, though an industrious mason. He received much poor relief from the age of 46 until his death.

26  

Amelia was a harlot, who had been placed in the poor-house for debauchery in 1852 at the age of 22. All trace of her disappears at this point.

27  

This gives a picture of the crime, debauchery, and pauperism in the first generation following the cousin mating of Alexander and Beatrice. The descendants of each one of their five children will be described in turn.

28  

Abe Isaac's first consort, Lottie, IV 1, was a harlot. He had one child by her, Ann Eliza, V 1. (3)


(3) Dugdale states that there were no children from this mating and includes Ann Eliza among the children of the second consort.

29  

Ann Eliza, who was also a harlot, had been in the poor-house and received outdoor relief. She cohabited with her second cousin, Ephan, V 414, a great grandson of Effie Juke. Ephan was a steady worker and acquired a little property, i.e., a half acre lot and a hut. He was, however, an habitual drunkard and received help from the town for many years. Neither he nor Ann Eliza could read or write. They were not married until all their children were born and they had been living together 10 years. Then, both intoxicated, they celebrated the event by dancing down the tow-path near their home. In 1875, during a drunken fight, Ephan was severely pounded by his wife and son, VI 6, also drunk. Ann Eliza was sent to the penitentiary for 6 months for this act, and the boy to the House of Refuge. Ephan then cohabited with Golden, V 415 (chart 6). Ann Eliza became homicidal and delusional after her release from imprisonment, and was sent to a hospital for the insane, where she died in 1908.

30  

Ephan died in 1906. He had several children by Golden (chart 6). He had seven children by the cousin mating, two of whom died in infancy: VI 6, above mentioned, who left the House of Refuge and died at the age of 17, and four other children- two boys, VI 12,1 VI 4, and two girls, VI 7, and VI 10. The two boys were arrested in 1870 for nearly killing a boy by pushing him over a cliff. The older was discharged, but the other, at the age of 14, was sent to State prison for 5 years.

31  

VI 2 is now a man of 70. He has made a poor living by fishing, hunting, and trapping, and has been arrested many times for not obeying the game laws. He is very intemperate and while intoxicated, though harmless, frightens the neighbors for miles around by his wild cries and shouts. He has an ugly disposition, and his temper is very easily aroused. He seduced and then married VI 1, a shrew, by whom be had seven children, only one dying in infancy.

32  

The first child, VII 2, has attended school but little, and then did not keep up with his classes. He has a quiet disposition and does what he can to support his family, which consists of a wife (neat, industrious, and of good repute) and four living children. The first child, VIII 1, is now 18, has St. Vitus dance, and is rapidly becoming mentally deteriorated; the second, VIII 2, is doing average work in school; and there are two still young.

33  

The second child of VI I and VI 2 is VII 4, an ignorant laborer. When young he was married to a harlot, by whom he had two children, one of whom died young. The woman and the remaining son disappeared and since then the husband has cohabited with another woman. At 19 he was arrested and fined for disorderly conduct. At 29 he and his family received town help for a period of 4 years. From 30 on he has been arrested many times for drunkenness, but never sentenced. At 35 he was arrested for breaking the ear-trumpet belonging to a deaf boy, but, after making good the damage he had done while drunk, he was discharged.

34  

The third child of VI 2, a boy, died in infancy.

35  

The fourth child, VII 7, did not learn easily in school, but, nevertheless, grew up a quiet, well-behaved, ambitious boy. At 20, soon after marriage and the birth of a child, he died of typhoid fever.

36  

The fifth child, VII 8, was an exceptionally bright boy in school. He went away from the Juke region, was industrious, and did well. He visited his parents at their home, did not return to his good position, married a reputable girl belonging to a disreputable family, and has gradually degenerated socially to the Juke level. He is now intermittently industrious, has little ambition, and seems to be reverting to the ancestral type. He has two small children.

37  

The sixth child of VI 2 (VII 10) did well and was of good behavior in school. After leaving school she went to work in a factory and soon became a harlot. She married and has four children. Her husband is industrious and provides a good home for her. When his work calls him away, which is often, she frequents a saloon near her home in the country.

38  

The last child in this family, VII 12, is an inefficient, quarrelsome young fellow. He works at times, mainly as a laborer, or hunts and fishes. Some time ago he was arrested for fighting with his father, both of them being intoxicated at the time. He is now married, is poor, and bids fair to repeat the history of his ancestors. This ends the story of the descendants of VI 2.

39  

After the discharge of VI 4 from the five-year term in State prison for assault, he returned to the Juke country and there cohabited with his cousin, VI 722, a descendant of Delia Juke. Living at the present time, he can neither read nor write, is intemperate, and although a steady worker, earns but little, as he is an untrained laborer. His consort, an ignorant, slovenly, intemperate, and inefficient woman, had two bastard children before cohabitation with him. The first is dead. The second, VII 16, is a feeble-minded harlot, who has had two illegitimate children and is now cohabiting with a man to whom she is not married. It is not known that VI 4 ever went through a marriage ceremony with VI 722.

40  

Their first child after cohabitation is VII 19. This girl was unable to learn in school. She married a cousin, VI 846, but soon deserted him to live with her second cousin, VI 531, who had another wife living. This man has served many jail sentences for disorderly conduct, has been in a reformatory, and is inefficient, semi-industrious, ignorant, and mentally defective. This pair lived together 11 years and had five children, one of whom died in infancy. In 1911 they separated. The woman has run a brothel in a nearby city since, and has served a term in the penitentiary and one in the county jail for disorderly conduct. We shall hear more of the man later. Three of the children, aged 6, 3, and 2, respectively, were placed in a Children's Home when the parents separated, and the fourth was left with her grandmother, VI 722. After a short stay in the Home, the three were adopted into good homes in the Middle West. The oldest, VIII 17, now 9, is in only the second grade, although she has attended school regularly for the past three years, and tests up to her chronological age by the Binet test. Her brother, VIII 18, aged 7, is now doing well in the first grade in school. They are both well-behaved children and well thought of in their new home. The youngest of the three, who has been placed in the Middle West, is only 5 years old, and but little can be said of her now.

41  

The second child of VI 4, VII 20, was born in 1886 and went to school until she reached the fourth reader. She married at the age of 18, and, soon after her first baby died, at the age of a few weeks, she left her husband and became one of the most notorious public women in the neighborhood. She was tall and handsome, a heavy drinker, morally very low, and went to any extreme to earn a poor livelihood by prostitution. In 1911 she was sent to the penitentiary for 6 months for disorderly conduct, but, upon her release, immediately returned to prostitution. She was found dead in the woods back of her home, where she had lain in the rain for several days. It was finally decided that she died of heart disease, brought on by her life of vice, although foul play was at first suspected.

42  

Next in turn in this family comes a boy, VII 23, who is like his brother, VII 25. Both were slow and very much retarded in school work, have grown up indolent, inefficient, and with no desire or ambition to get along in life. Needless to say, both are licentious.

43  

Next younger to VII 23 is VII 24, now 21, who was unable to grasp third-grade work in school, and later could not learn to be a competent housemaid. She became pregnant in 1911, was arrested later for disorderly conduct, and then married a mentally defective cousin of hers, VI 527, to father her unborn child. The family has received poor relief for the past year.

44  

Her two younger sisters, VII 26 and VII 27, were retarded in the work in school, left early, and went to work in a cigar factory. They are now harlots. This completes the offspring of VI 4 and VI 722.

45  

The fourth child of Ephan died in infancy. The fifth, VI 6, has previously been described.

46  

The sixth child, VI 7, was sent to the House of Refuge for disorderly conduct at the age of 14, in 1875. Here she remained three years, acquired a little schooling, and the ability to read and write. However, on leaving the institution she again became a harlot. At 18 she married a licentious, semi-industrious man, who did little to support her or, later, her many children. About 1900 her husband deserted her. She has worked hard to earn a livelihood by taking in washings, has a subnormal mentality and a disagreeable temper, and has run a brothel in her own home with her daughters as inmates.

47  

The eldest child of VI 7, VII 29, is lazy, intemperate, and a wanderer. His first wife died, leaving him a girl who is now 12, good-mannered, but retarded in school work. His second wife, a harlot, divorced him when she found that he was intimate with another woman.

48  

The second child of VI 7 was mentally incapable of work in school. She became a harlot, later married, had one child, continued her harlotry, and was finally divorced by her husband. Her neat and well-dressed appearance does not give the impression of the character she has become.

49  

The two sisters, VII 34 and VII 36, are semi-industrious and harlots. One was divorced by her husband for infidelity; the other, VII 36, has had two illegitimate children, both of whom died at birth.

50  

The next daughter, VII 38, became a prostitute at the age of 14 and was sent to the State Training School for Girls. She made a good record for a short time after leaving the institution, married, and has one child. At 18 she was again arrested for disorderly conduct and, at 22, in 1914, she is found in a house of prostitution.

51  

The next child in this series is a boy, VII 39, well- inclined in school but incapable of carrying on the work. He is quite a "dandy" in his dress and is very fond of music, but dislikes work.

52  

The last two children in this family were girls, VII 40 and VII 41, now aged 19 and 17, respectively. The former was dull in school; the latter "bright." They are now harlots and are running a house of prostitution.

53  

The last daughter of Ephan and Ann Eliza, VI 10, was sent to the House of Refuge as a disorderly child. She was later indentured and the reports say that at 17 she was disobedient, dishonest, and immoral. She married a steady and rather industrious though ignorant man, VI 9, when she was 18. They had five children. The husband was accidentally shot in 1894. The wife has supported the family since then. She has cohabited since his death with a worthless individual who has not given her any support.

54  

The oldest child of VI 10 is a boy, VII 44, now 25. He is an industrious young fellow, and has kept his family well. He is married to a neat, industrious woman and has one small child living.

55  

The second child of VI 10 is a girl, VII 45, of good repute and industrious. She married a distant cousin, VII 564, so distant that she did not know of the relationship, and has two small children.

56  

The next two sons of VI 10 were very slow and backward in school. They work at odd jobs at times, but are generally doing nothing. One of them is a very handsome boy.

57  

The last child, VII 48, is a girl who was very "stupid" in school, dresses very flashily and gaudily, and works in a factory. At 19 she is moral. She is of a "silly" type, easily influenced, and may be led to a career of harlotry. This ends the description of the descendants of Ephan and Eliza.

58  

Abe Isaac, by his second consort, Loretta, IV 3, whom he married, had seven children: Avery, Alton, Anson, Augustus, Alma, Alonzo, and Amiel. After Loretta died, Abe Isaac cohabited for a short time with Thelma, IV 4, but had no children by her.

59  

Avery, V 3, was "a laborer; at 30, grand larceny, county jail, 90 days; assault and battery, county jail, 90 days; at 49, rape on his niece, Sing Sing, 5 years; no property." He was none too industrious and received a pension as a Civil War veteran. He cohabited first with Satie, V 2, a wanderer and a harlot, and had two children by her. The older, VI 13, was a harlot like her mother and has been arrested for intemperance and disorderly conduct. The other, VI 14, a son, has disappeared.

60  

Satie deserted Avery and he then married Geneva, V 4, and by her had six children, the first dying at birth. While Avery was in State prison for rape on his niece, Geneva was in and out of the poorhouse with her children and it was in the poorhouse that, at the age of 31, her bastard child was born. Geneva's family is interesting. Her father has been in the penitentiary. Her mother was a pauper in the, poorhouse at the same time that Geneva and her children were there, making three generations of family who were being cared for by the town at the same time. There is no doubt that she was feeble-minded. At one time she tried to kill one of her children, and was thereupon sent to a hospital for the insane. She was addicted to the use of laudanum, an overdose of which caused her death.

61  

The first child of Avery and Geneva died in infancy. The second was VI 16, who was 15 when his father was in State prison. At 16 this boy was sent to the penitentiary for petit larceny. At 17 he was a vagrant, wandering here and there. At 18 and again at 20 he was in the poorhouse for one year. At 24 he was sent to the penitentiary for 3 months for petit larceny. At 20 he was sent to State Prison for 28 months for assault. At 35 he was in the county jail 1 month for intoxication, and again at 55 was in the county jail for 10 days for the same offense. He has lost one eye, can neither read nor write, works very seldom, and begs his way wherever he goes. He is mentally defective and should have been in custodial care many years ago. He has cohabited for a long time with a woman, VI 17, who is 10 years older than he, and is a beggar, indescribably filthy, and mentally defective. She has spent most of her life in the poorhouse. At 20 she was there and found her mother and sister there also. She can neither read nor write. She has never had any children.

62  

The third child of Avery and Geneva was a girl, VI 19. She was in the almshouse as a young girl and later was placed in a Children's Home. She was discharged from the latter institution after being there but a short time. As a grown woman she was attractive, neat-appearing, and quiet to a casual observer, but she had a career of harlotry begun early in life and continued after she married (at 26) VI 18, an ignorant, semi-industrious, but well- intentioned man. Soon after the birth of her first child, VII 49, she was divorced on the grounds of adultery. Cohabitation with a vicious criminal, VI 20 , followed and by him she had two children, one of whom died in infancy. This man was convicted of burglary and sent to State prison for 1 to 4 years, and during this time VI 19 again became promiscuous in her sex relations. After his discharge from State prison she again consorted with him, then later left him and cohabited with a negro by whom she had one child. At the age of 39, VI 19 was sent to jail for 10 days for using indecent language. Two weeks after she was discharged she was again arrested with her "husband," VI 20 and with Ulysses, V 194, for the same offense and sent this time to the penitentiary for 3 months. At 40 she was arrested for intoxication and sent to jail for 10 days. Even later in life, to one who did not know the real character of VI 19, her appearance, bearing, and behavior indicated a woman of some refinement. She associated with a woman much like herself in appearance but yet of the same low and vicious traits. She placed two of her children, VII 49 and VII 50, in a Children's Home. Her last child (by a negro) was taken by the negro's people at her death, which occurred at 42.

63  

The history of the two children placed in the Home follows. The boy, VII 49, was placed in the Home at the age of 7. The matron recalls him as "slow and with no back-bone." At 8 he was sent by a Children's Aid Society to a foster home in the West. The report of this child to the Society reads: "He has given a great deal of trouble, was hard to control, and untruthful. He set fire to a straw stack back of a new barn, nearly causing the loss of the building. He does not do well in school. His home is a good one and excellently kept. They have adopted a girl of 13 and are well to do." Soon after this report was sent in by the Society's visitor, the adopted girl became pregnant, suspicion turned toward the child's foster parent, and he, in turn, attempted to make the then 12-year-old Juke child admit the responsibility for the girl's condition. Soon after this the boy was transferred to another home, where a childless couple are giving him a good home and trying to do well by him. Here, at the age of 13, he is in school and doing fair work in grade 4. Some time ago, when angered by a schoolmate who had taunted him, he stabbed the boy in the arm with a knife. He has little stamina, but has a pleasant disposition, and is now in good physical condition. He has internal strabismus.

64  

VII 50, the half sister of VII 49, was placed in the Children's Home at the age of 5, and at the same time as her brother. She was an attractive child but had internal strabismus like her brother. The matron at the home recalls that there was an almost foolish grin on her face continually. She also was placed in the Middle West and a report to the Children's Society which placed her reads: "She is much like her brother, except that she does well at school and is bright and quick to learn. She is hard to control and inclined to be untruthful, but in spite of her failings is much liked. She has a sweet voice and is being trained by her foster mother, who is musical." She died at the age of 9 of typhoid fever.

65  

VI 22, the fourth child of Avery and Geneva, was born in the poorhouse. When very young she was placed in a Children's Home some distance away from the Juke country. She was adopted, and last reports of her, sent some time ago, say that she is married and has three small children and is doing well. I was not able to find her present address and so could not verify these statements.

66  

The fifth child of Avery, VI 24, was in the poorhouse at the age of 8 for a short period and was then sent to the House of Refuge. At 10 he was placed in a home in Virginia and, after staying there for 7 years, he ran away and has never been heard of since.

67  

The last child of Avery and Geneva was a son, VI 26. He has had little schooling and is only intermittently industrious. He was sent to State prison for 2 years for robbery, and since his discharge from prison has been suspicious and afraid of all strangers. He married a woman of fair repute and had two children by her, one of whom died: He deserted her for a harlot and the wife then became a harlot and has been in houses of prostitution. Their child, VII 54, now a boy of 11, has been left here and there by the mother and recently was arrested with VI 229, a degenerate, who was training him to beg.

68  

Alton, V 6, is a brother of Avery and son of Abe Isaac and Loretta. His record is given by Dugdale as follows: "Laborer and canaller; at 15, mother dies; 17, poorhouse, bound out; 20, threat to kill, county jail; 22, burglary, third degree, Sing Sing, 3 years; 24, cohabits with X (Mary Ann); now reformed; intemperate; rather industrious." V 6 acquired a 10-acre farm and lived on the place. As he grew older he became less industrious. He died at the age of 71, of uremic coma.

69  

Alton's first consort, Mary Ann, V 5, a harlot, died of childbirth after she had been living with Alton for a short time. He then cohabited with her sister Goldie, V 7. She could neither read nor write, was lazy, and had been a harlot before she cohabited with Alton. She was a member of a family that is as distinctly criminal and defective as the Jukes, although not so numerous. She had lived with Alton for 13 years when she died. Alton then secured Ruth Ann, V 8, as a consort and lived with her until his death. She is now an old woman, worn out physically, shrewish, and ignorant. She is living with a man to whom she is not married and is very poor.

70  

Anson, V 10, the third legitimate child of Abe Isaac, was "laborer; at 12, petit larceny, county jail, 30 days; at 14, mother dies, poorhouse, one year; 21, petit larceny, county jail, 30 days; grand larceny, Sing Sing, 3 years; 34, county jail, 30 days; 36, county jail, 30 days." He was intemperate, a semi-industrious farm laborer, and always poor. He never acquired any property. He deserted his first wife, Leah Eliza, V 9, for her sister, Sibyl, V 11. He had two children by the latter, a boy and a girl, who were placed in an Orphans' Home when very young and of whom all trace is lost. In his later years Anson was tubercular. Seemingly he experienced no arrest during this period; at least there are no records of such. He died of tuberculosis at the age of 57.

71  

The fourth legitimate child of Abe Isaac was Augustus, V 13. Dugdale gives his record as follows: "At 12, mother dies, poorhouse, 4 years; 17, county jail; 18, petit larceny county jail, 60 days; 22, petit larceny, 30 days; loafer; syphilis; no property; laborer." He was in the Civil War, and soon after its close he became blind, whether through syphilis acquired in the war, or through burning of his eyes by acid (as common report says) I do not know. However, for many years he has received a pension of $30 a month on account of his blindness. With the help of his second consort, Panna, V 14, an ignorant but industrious woman, he has acquired real estate that is worth about $600 and upon which he now lives. He is naturally indolent and is intemperate. He has an emotional make-up, and, when telling how well his harlot-consort Panna takes care of him, he weeps and shows other hypocritical behavior suitable to the occasion. He has quite a temper which can be easily aroused.

72  

Mame, V 12, the first consort of Augustus, was a syphilitic harlot who deserted her husband for Augustus and then left the latter for another. The second consort of Augustus, Panna, is "simple." She does housework in "town" and most of her wages go to support her nephew, an unindustrious fellow with a family. Panna has a consort, also quite aged, who lives with her in the home of Augustus. Panna owns a horse and wagon and the consort is "her driver," and this interesting pair may be seen almost daily in the streets of Z. Augustus has no known descendants.

73  

Alma, V 15, was the fifth legitimate child of Abe Isaac. At 8, when her mother died, she went to the poorhouse, where she remained 4 years. She became a harlot after this and acquired syphilis. She married Roswell, V 16, a rather industrious man and a recent immigrant, who was later blown up in a quarry accident and killed. Alma was intemperate, never acquired any property, and died at the age of 30, leaving three young children.

74  

The oldest, VI 30, was 10 when her parents died. At 14 she was raped by her uncle Avery, who spent 5 years in State prison for the crime. Nothing more is known of the child after this.

75  

VI 31, the sister of VI 30, was 5 years of age when her parents died. She was a dwarf, making the second that has appeared in the Juke family. At 8 years she was sent to the House of Refuge as a disorderly child. She grew up to be industrious, but was a thief and was immoral. At 19 she added to these vices, and became intemperate, yet she seemed to realize that she was not doing as the House of Refuge people wanted her to do, since she wrote to the institution telling them that she was trying to do better. At 20, she was indentured for 3 years at the rate of $10 a year. At 23, when she left this place, she seems to have lost her identity, as no trace of her now exists. Her younger brother, VI 32, was a laborer in the cement mines and died at the age of 25.

76  

Alonzo, V 17, the sixth legitimate child of Abe Isaac, was a "laborer; at 7, mother dies, poorhouse, 4 years; 16, assault and battery, county jail; 17, robbery, first degree, Albany penitentiary, 10 years; 26, county jail; loafer; single." He was very intemperate and died of dropsy at the age of 30.

77  

The last child of Abe Isaac was Amiel, V 19. He was a "laborer; at 4, mother dies; poorhouse, 4 years; 24, poorhouse, 1 year; 26, wife dies; town burial; intemperate; no property." He is now an industrious laborer and well liked by the people for whom he works. He is very deaf, has syphilis, has a wandering nature and a quiet disposition. He has always been very poor. His first wife, Lettie, V 18, after having two children, died of syphilis and was buried by the town. Amiel then cohabited with Sally Ann, V 20, an industrious but garrulous, ignorant, and shrewish woman of no morals. This couple lived in a three-room hovel on a mountain side, and had 11 children.

78  

The first child of Amiel and Sally, VI 36, was an ignorant, untrained fellow, who ran a house of prostitution and was sent to prison for this.

79  

The second, a girl, died in infancy.

80  

The third, VI 38, can read and write, but is lazy and spends most of his time hunting and fishing. He is very poor and lives in a hovel in the woods with his wife, VI 353, also a descendant of Ada. This woman is neat and industrious but ignorant, being unable to read and write. Her mother died while she was yet young, hence she was forced to do housework for a living and so never attended school. The couple have two small children, both of whom are girls.

81  

The fourth child of Amiel, VI 39, is unindustrious, inefficient, and a "farm hand" 30 years of age. He has a quiet disposition and spends most of his time hunting and fishing.

82  

His brother, VI 40, did average work in school and is active and energetic -in summer working as a farm hand and saving his money, in winter hunting and selling skins. He has a striking personality and is careful in dress.

83  

The next two children of Amiel died in infancy.

84  

Then came VI 43, a boy of 18, retarded in school, mentally inactive, quiet and shy in behavior. He spends most of his time hunting and fishing.

85  

The next child was a girl, VI 44, who was accidentally burned to death in a bonfire at the age of 7.

86  

The tenth child, VI 45, attended school fairly regularly until she was 17 and, at that time, she was in the third grade. She was untidy and careless in her appearance, was shy, and never associated with anyone outside of her family. She was reputed chaste to the age of 17, when she married.

87  

The last child of Amiel, VI 47, was still in the first grade in school at the age of 12. He is mentally slow and has a shy, retiring nature. In Dugdale's book, chart 1, generation 5, line 13, it reads: "Laborer; at 2, mother died; poorhouse, 4 years; unmarried." Search failed to find this individual, and two of his brothers, Amiel and Augustus, say that they had no brother of that description. He is therefore left out of this history. This ends the description of the descendants of Abe Isaac.

88  

Abe Isaac's eldest sister, the daughter of Alexander and Beatrice, was Alice, IV 5. She was "somewhat industrious; temperate; at 34, outdoor relief, 1 year; 43, outdoor relief, 1 year; 52, husband in State prison; became a prostitute during that period; 57, outdoor relief, 1 year; 63, outdoor relief, 7 years; died 1871." Alice married Stillman, IV 6, "shoemaker; at 30, forgery, State prison, 2 years, where he learned shoemaking; 35 outdoor relief, 1 year; 44, outdoor relief, 1 year; 59, outdoor relief, 1 year; 64, outdoor relief, 9 years; was intemperate in former times, but not so now; read and write." This couple was always poor. They had ten children, only eight of whom were noted and described by Dugdale. Their children were: Al, Abel, Alva, Allen, Alice Ella, Alberta, Agnes, Adelaide, Annetta, and Amalia.

89  

The oldest, Al, V 21, born in 1826, was a boatman on the canal. He never attended school, could neither read nor write, was very intemperate, and married a cousin, Naomi, V 213, a descendant of Bell Juke, and a basketmaker of good repute but ignorant. Although Al was a good worker he made but small wages, and the family received help from the town for many years. At 38 Al went to war and, during this period the family received town help. After he returned this help continued. He never acquired any property and died at the age of 84. Naomi is still living and is mentally slow and inactive.

90  

Al and Naomi had 12 children, only 4 of whom survived infancy. The oldest, VI 49, is an ignorant, semi-industrious woman of fair repute, who has married twice and is now living. She had no children. The second child of Naomi to grow up, VI 53, was uncouth, illiterate, industrious but untrained, and consequently inefficient. She was married and had 3 children, 2 of whom died in infancy; the other, VII 60, who became a machinist, was mentally slow and had little ambition. VI 53 died recently from the effects of a fall. The third child of Al who grew up was VI 55. It is known only that he died at the age of 28. The fourth child of Al is VI 57, an ignorant but industrious fellow of a quiet nature, who has saved his money and acquired a little property. He married a woman who before her marriage was, and since has been, a harlot. They have no children. At 51 this man committed rape on a child 13 years of age and was arrested on the charge, but the case was dropped in court.

91  

Abel, V 23, the second child of Alice and Stillman, was a "laborer; at 38, outdoor relief, 1 year; 39, abandoned his wife; 40, disorderly, county jail, 10 days; somewhat industrious; intemperate, can not read or write; no property." Abel married Honora, V 22, and later deserted her, after having had two stillborn children by her.

92  

Alva, V 24, the third child of Alice, was a "carpenter; 1857, outdoor relief, 1 year; good citizen; industrious; read and write; acquired house; lost it." In his later years he was very poor and died at the age of 87 of apoplexy. Alva's wife was Dorothea, IV 152, a cousin, of Delia blood. She was a woman of good repute, industrious and temperate, but very ignorant. She never attended school. After marriage she received poor relief at various times. They had 7 children, 4 girls and 3 boys.

93  

The oldest of these, VI 65, was born in 1845. She was of good repute always, industrious, and spoken of as "fairly intelligent." She married VI 66, a carpenter, a man of little education, but industrious and a fair citizen; who has recently become invalided by a stroke of paralysis. They had three children.

94  

The first, VII 64, a woman of fair intelligence, some schooling, industrious and neat, married an industrious but intemperate man, VII 63, who is cross and abusive when intoxicated. They have moved to a large city away from the Juke region. He makes good wages and they have a comfortable home. They have five children; four boys, of whom one died of diphtheria at the age of 13, one is a stenographer in an office and doing well, and two are industrious but intemperate and have little ambition in life; and one girl who died of diphtheria at the age of 5.

95  

The other two children of this couple, VI 65 and VI 66, were boys, capable in school, of good behavior, and industrious. Both are dead; one died of diphtheria at the age of 15, the other was drowned in the Johnstown flood.

96  

The second child of Alva and Dorothea, VI 67, married when young an intemperate and ignorant but industrious man, who is a laborer. She had 5 children by him, 3 dying in infancy. She died at the age of 33 of typhoid fever. Her oldest child, VII 68, now 34, is an industrious girl of fair repute, who keeps herself neat and her home comfortable. She is mildly intemperate. Her husband, a laborer, is intemperate, but otherwise is a good citizen. She has no children. Her brother, VII 69, is a laborer with a fair education, but intemperate at times. This branch of the family lived in a large city some distance from the Juke region.

97  

The third child of Alva and Dorothea, VI 69, had little education and married a laboring man when young. The family has always been poor and nomadic, never remaining long in one place.

98  

The oldest child of this pair is VII 74, who has tried hard to bring up well her many children. She married an ignorant and mentally defective man. By him she had eleven children to whose support he has not contributed. At one time he was in a hospital for tuberculosis, where he remained for a season. He is continually intoxicated and abuses his wife and children. The family has received poor relief from the town and also private aid for the past seven years.

99  

The oldest of these children, a girl, VIII 36, was retarded in school and mentally slow. She is neat and industrious, recently married, and tries hard to get along in her new home. Her husband is a laborer and receives small wages and the two have received private aid in the past year. The second of these children, VIII 38, was very poor in her school work and is mentally defective. After leaving school she entered a cigar factory. At 21 she became pregnant and forced the man to marry her; the child was born later, and soon after this the man was arrested for burglary and sent to jail for 4 months, a longer sentence not being given, as the wife was again pregnant. These two have received a great deal of help publicly and privately. The husband is a foreigner, incapable, and untrained. The third child is VIII 40, an epileptic girl of 20. Fainting spells began at the age of 14 and soon developed into true epileptic seizures. She is now much deteriorated mentally. She married young and has one child, IX 1, now aged 2 years. This child is anemic and is paralyzed from the hips down. In 1913 the father was sick and unable to work and was given aid by the city. The mother and child were in the hospital and were supported there by the public. The fourth child, VIII 41, was retarded two years in school. She worked in a cigar factory after leaving school and did much to support her family. She has recently married. The fifth child, VIII 42, died in infancy. The sixth, VIII 43, now 15, attends school and is now three years retarded in her work. She is slow mentally and is thin and underfed in appearance. The seventh child, VIII 44, is now, at the age of 10, in grade 2 in school, attends school irregularly, and gives the appearance of being underfed. The eighth child died, and the last three children of this fraternity are still young.

100  

VII 74 has four brothers, all of whom are laborers, but of whom little is known further than that they are wanderers.

101  

The fourth child of the consanguineous mating of Alva and Dorothea is VI 71. He was born in 1858, never attended school, works at times as a wood-chopper or as a farm laborer, is intemperate, deceitful, a liar, and is reputed to be a thief but has never been caught. He married an ignorant, slovenly, but semi-industrious woman, VI 72; the pair live in a hovel and are very poor. They had 6 children.

102  

The first, VII 80, can read and write a little. At 19 she became pregnant by a man 20 years older than herself, and married him before the birth of their child. She is as neat in her appearance as her poverty will allow, is a thief, and will steal whatever she can lay her hands on. Her husband, also a thief, does little to support her, spends most of his time hunting and fishing, and is very intemperate. They live in a shack in the mountains.

103  

This pair had five children in all. The oldest, VIII 49, a boy of 12, is feeble-minded, and, consequently, very much retarded in school. He is a thief. His sister, VIII 50, is also feeble-minded and is very much like her brother. The other three children are still young.

104  

The second child of VI 71 is also a girl, VII 82. She is intemperate. While still a child she cohabited with one man and was promiscuous in her sex relations. At 16 she had a bastard child. She has acquired syphilis and has been sent to jail for disorderly conduct and prostitution. When her child was 6 years of age it was placed in a Children's Home and the mother left the Juke country and led an immoral life elsewhere. This bastard child, VIII 54, is "quiet, ill-mannered, fond of dress, and mentally slow." At 6 she was placed in a Children's Home, where it was discovered that she had syphilis. She was sent to a hospital for treatment for six months, and one year after her admission to the Home was placed into a good family in the Middle West, the foster parents not being informed of the child's infectious disease.

105  

The next child of VI 71 was a boy, VII 84, "stupid in school," unindustrious, but with a taste for "tinkering." He is interested in motorcycle racing and has made long trips on his machine. He was arrested recently for using his machine in violation of traffic laws.

106  

The next child of VI 71 died in infancy. The next two, VII 86 and VII 87, both have a low grade of intelligence and are incapable of learning in school. The older one, now 18, has a speech defect. He is a "laborer," but very seldom works.

107  

The fifth child of Alva and Dorothea, VI 73, is called a "bad man," and has been arrested for petit larceny and sent to the penitentiary for 3 months. He is married and has had 5 children; 2 are dead and 3 living. His present address is not known.

108  

The sixth child of Alva, VI 75, is reputed to have left the country and gone to "Texas," merely a Juke name for a distant country.

109  

The last in this family group is VI 76, who married an intemperate but industrious laboring man who has saved a little money, VI 77, brother to VII 63 (page 8), whose father was in the poorhouse for 11 years. Little is known of VI 76. She lived in a large city some distance from the Juke country, and died many years ago, leaving 5 children. The oldest, VII 93, was drowned at the age of 15 in the same accident in which IV 28 and his family lost their lives. The next two girls have married well. The last two, boys, are not mentally active, but are steady, industrious laborers.

110  

The fourth child of Alice and Stillman was Allen, V 26. In Dugdale's chart I, generation 5, Allen is not mentioned or described. He can read and write and at times has been a "pettifog lawyer." He is semi-industrious and a carpenter by trade, but will work also at ice-cutting or as a laborer. He was a soldier in the Civil War and now receives a pension. He owns a small house and lot in one of the poorer sections of Z, is a wanderer, and has traveled over a great part of the United States. Nothing is known of his first consort, Selinda, V 25. Allen had 4 children by Selinda, 3 girls and 1 boy.

111  

The oldest, VI 78, was sent to a Children's Home at the age of 9 after her mother's death. She remained there 2 months. At 19 she was arrested for petit larceny and sent to a Church Home. She soon escaped from this institution and became a prostitute. She can read and write, is now employed at housework, and is immoral.

112  

The next girl, VI 79, was in the Children's Home at the age of 6 for a few months. She married at 18, had two children, and has left the Juke country.

113  

The third child of Allen, VI 81, was married at 16 to a carpenter who is industrious, but mentally slow. He is a steady workman, but is semi-skilled and so receives but low wages, and the family is poor. They have three children, two of whom are now in school and, although in good physical condition, are mentally slow and incapable of acquiring the most primary school knowledge. The older, a girl, VII 102, now 9, is in grade 2 and has great difficulty in learning the pronunciation of words and can not learn to add. The younger, VII 103, a boy of 6, can not recognize figures nor learn to add.

114  

The fourth child of Allen, VI 83, was sent at 15 to the House of Refuge for stealing. At 20 he was sent to the county jail for 6 months and fined $50 for assault and battery. At 27, he, with two other boys, one 15 and one 18, "unlawfully entered a barn," were arrested, and at this writing are awaiting sentence in jail. VI 83 has had little schooling, is reported to have been a poor pupil, is a wanderer, and works here and there at odd jobs.

115  

After Selinda died, Allen secured his present consort, Salva, V 27, a Polish woman, mentally defective, slow, uncouth, and untrained. Salva had a bastard girl just before she went to live with Allen. Allen and Salva have 4 children, all of whom are boys, mentally 3 to 4 years retarded, lazy, and without ambition to learn in school. The oldest, VI 84, now 22, is a laborer, working at odd jobs. The youngest is 9 years of age. Allen, now 73, is a garrulous man with a love of telling about his wonderful personality. He is poor and lives in filth.

116  

Alice Ella, V 28, the fifth child of Alice and Stillman, was a harlot and cohabited with Selig, V 29, on his canal boat. She became pregnant by him and married him just previous to the birth of the child. He was considered well to do and owned real estate, shares in a powder-mill, and other property. For many years he ran a canal-boat on the Hudson River. Alice Ella and Selig went away from the Juke region and settled in a community some hundred miles distant. He died in 1900 at the age of 70. Alice Ella, as an old woman of 70, was a quiet, rather refined, frugal lady. She died in 1910 as the result of an accident.

117  

The son of Alice Ella and Selig, VI 89, opened a dry-goods store, and has done well financially. He is now reputed to be worth $50,000. His neighbors speak of him as retiring, unwilling to enter into social life with them, and not interested in books. He married a good, intellectual woman, VI 88, and had 3 boys and 1 girl. The daughter, VII 106, was conscientious and plodding in her school work, and later taught in a kindergarten. After some years of teaching she had a nervous breakdown, stopped teaching, and married. She was considered somewhat opinionated. The oldest boy, VII 107, could not learn easily in school, was stubborn and opinionated in his ways, but is now working steadily. The third, VII 108, also backward and stubborn, left school in the first year of high school, started a business of his own, but failed, and is now working under direction and doing well. The last, VII 109, born 1889, is petty in his exactness, the "smartest" of this fraternity, and is now attending college.

118  

Alberta, V 31, the sixth child of Alice, could read but not write. As a young girl she was a harlot. At 17 she married Lincoln, V 30, who seems to have deserted her soon afterwards. She then cohabited with Darius, IV 126, of Delia blood, a mentally defective man, licentious and criminal, but a good worker, who, at the age of 62, died in the poorhouse, where he went following alcoholic debauches. Darius and Alberta received poor relief intermittently. At 32 she was sent to the county jail for 10 days for vagrancy. She was intemperate and at one time ran a brothel. After Darius deserted her, she cohabited with Ray, V 32, until her death from paralysis in 1900.

119  

Alberta had two children, both of whom were girls. The first, VI 92, born in 1850, was in the poorhouse at 15 with her younger sister, then 7 years old. They remained in the poorhouse a year and soon after this the younger sister, VI 93, was accidentally shot to death by a returned soldier while he was cleaning a gun.

120  

The remaining sister, soon after this, married a newspaper man, who was industrious, intelligent, and of good principles. She had three children. She became an alcoholic in middle life and died of the effects of her excesses.

121  

Her oldest child, VII 111, reached the second year in high school, when she stopped to go to work. She always bore a good reputation, is married, and has gone away from the Juke region.

122  

The second child, VII 112, was considered an average child in school. She had good morals as a young girl, but married an inefficient and lazy man, an alcoholic. His habits of intemperance soon led her to drinking, a habit easy for her to acquire when her mother's tendencies in that respect are recalled. She drank more and more, until she finally became paralyzed from the effects and died of neglect. Her father, VI 91, then took her two young boys to rear. One, now 10, is retarded at the present time, while the other, aged 8, has not yet entered school. The father of these has been arrested for the non-support of the mother many times, but, as he would not work, nothing could be done. After the death of his wife he disappeared.

123  

The last child of VI 91 and VI 92 is VII 114, an industrious, capable man holding a responsible position in a printing-office. He is married, but has no children.

124  

The seventh child of Alice is Agnes, V 33. She attended school and reached the first grade in the high school when she stopped. At this time she was a harlot. She was married at 18 to Leo, V 34. Leo was a photographer and did well in his business, but his continued alcoholism ruined him physically, financially, and morally. He became shiftless and lazy, and finally went to a Soldiers' Home, where he recently died.

125  

Agnes had five legitimate children. The first, VI 95, was not industrious and was addicted to drink; he married a harlot, later deserted her and went West, and is now in California. The second child died in infancy. The third, VI 97, was a laborer, ignorant, intemperate, and not inclined to work. He is married. The fourth child of Agnes died in infancy. The fifth and last child, VI 100, now 29, has average intelligence, is personally neat, and bears a good reputation. She has recently married, but has no children.

126  

Adelaide, V 35, the eighth child of Alice and Stillman, had a roving disposition. At one time she was an actress in a traveling show. She was a harlot before marriage. She had epilepsy. Her husband, Lester, V 36, can neither read nor write. He was a teamster and worked regularly for the same man for 32 years. He was formerly alcoholic and has been arrested several times for drunkenness. He is a member of a family noted for its viciousness, intemperance, and degeneracy. His brother was Hendrick, V 71, who also married into Ada blood. Lester is now living, and is 85 years of age. Several years ago he lost his right leg, as it was necessary to amputate it following gangrene. Lester married Adelaide in 1854, when she was 21. She died at the age of 57 of tuberculosis. Adelaide had nine children.

127  

The first, VI 103, born 1855, is an ignorant woman, but very kindhearted when anyone is sick. At one time she joined a traveling circus. She is very neurotic and has migraine and, when these headaches become severe, it is said that "she goes completely out of her head." In her periods of nervous excitation she shows an ugly disposition and continually finds fault and quarrels with her neighbors. Her husband, VI 102, was at one time part owner of a traveling circus, probably the one in which she traveled. He was later a blacksmith and worked steadily at his trade for many years. He was very intemperate formerly, but has acquired a house and land and is considered a good citizen. They had three children.

128  

The first, VII 117, born 1875, did the usual work of the public schools. As a young fellow he committed incest with his epileptic sister, VII 118. He started in business by himself, but, as he was not clever or foresighted, others took advantage of him by unfair means and, he failed several times, but he still persevered. He himself was tricky and had no ethical or moral sense. His first wife, VII 116, had attended school, but was mentally defective. Her father was considered normal mentally, but her mother and several sisters were feeble-minded. She became a harlot after marriage and divorced her husband, as he too was promiscuous in his sex relations and consorted with low women. He afterwards married his first cousin, VII 124. He was killed in a railroad accident during the course of this investigation. By his first wife VII 117 has had three children: a boy, now 18, VIII 57, who was incapable of carrying on high-school work but did well in the United States Navy; a boy of 14, observant and capable when he wants to be, but usually slow and sleepy in school, and sly and sullen at times; and a girl of 9, slow in actions and thought, but who "can get there if given time." There were no children by the last marriage.

129  

The second child of VI 102 and VI 103 was a girl, VII 118. While still young she developed epilepsy and with it mental deterioration and ideas that she was being talked about. She would then become excited and try to injure others. She has committed incest with her brother and also her uncle, VI 116. At 17 she was committed to a hospital for the insane for attempting homicide and threatening suicide. Here she died at the age of 31.

130  

The third and last child of VI 102 died while a young girl.

131  

The second child of Adelaide died in infancy.

132  

The third child, VI 105, born 1862, was quiet and refined in her manner when a girl. She became addicted to the use of drugs, and recently has become nervous and shows an excitable temperament. For many years she was a seamstress and was industrious and respected in the community. At 40 she married a sober, industrious laboring man and the two have a neat home in a respectable part of the city of Z. They have one child, a girl, VII 120, nervous, never for a moment, unable to concentrate her attention or to retain facts. She is now 12 years of age and does poorly in school.

133  

The fourth child of Adelaide died in infancy.

134  

The fifth, VI 109, is unindustrious and unprincipled and an alcoholic. He married VI 108, concerning whom I have no data, and had five children, of whom one died in infancy. After the death of his wife, he placed the two young children who were then at home in a Children's Institution and has been living with another woman, by whom he has one small child. He is spoken of as "a bad sort of a man," and has never been liked by his neighbors.

135  

His first child, VII 122, was placed in a Children's Home at the age of 9. Here she remained for a time, and then went to live with her aunt, VI 103. At 20 she became pregnant and married the father of her unborn child. For the first 9 months after the baby was born the family tramped the roads looking for work. Unsuccessful in this, the mother and child went to the almshouse for a month; while there she had her husband arrested for non-support. The case was dropped after he had secured work on the railroad, and since that period the family has been getting along well. She is a capable seamstress, has had little schooling, and is quick-tempered. She was accidentally shot recently by her younger brother, VII 126, and was injured in the back in such a way that she has become paralyzed from the hips down.

136  

The second child of VI 109 died in infancy. The third, VII 124, was slow but steadygoing in school and was careful and attractive. At 18 she married her cousin, VII 117.

137  

The two youngest boys in this family, VII 125 and VII 126, were placed in a Children's Home when young and have been here and there. The older is now with foster parents and is reported as doing well, while the younger is now with his sister, who was accidentally shot by him.

138  

The sixth child of Adelaide, VI III, is a woman of good morals, orderly, and industrious. She has a quiet disposition and has little to do with her neighbors. She is called "queer and eccentric" in many things she does. She married an industrious, capable man and moved away from the Juke region to a nearby city, where they are doing well.

139  

Their oldest child, VII 129, is a careful, quiet-appearing woman of good repute, 27 years of age, who did the grade work in school, married, and now has four children, the oldest of whom is very keen in her school work.

140  

The second child of VI III is a boy with good artistic sense, which is being especially trained in a trade school. While very incapable in other subjects he is being encouraged in the one thing he can do well.

141  

The last child of VI 111 who lived is a neat, well-behaved girl of 14, doing well in school, except in arithmetic.

142  

Adelaide's seventh child died in infancy, while the eighth, VI 114, is an active, energetic fellow who moved away from the Juke region and its associations and went to a large city, where he is sporting editor of a daily newspaper and is doing well. He is married and has one small child, VII 133, who does her school work easily.

143  

The last in this family, VI 116, when a boy of 16 or 17, committed incest with his niece, VII 118, of the same age. When he grew up he became a laborer and is an ignorant, wandering, inefficient fellow. He is married, but has no children.

144  

Annetta, V 37, was the ninth child of Alice and Stillman. She has had little education, but is considered of "fair intelligence," though she has been intemperate. She married Hemid, V 38. He was industrious, but untrained, and so had a hard time to get along financially, and for a short time following their marriage they received poor relief. Hemid was a "good citizen," ignorant, but well-meaning. They had eleven children.

145  

Annetta's first child, VI 119, is an industrious mechanic of good reputation, who has saved his money. He married and had two children, both of whom died at birth. He moved away from the Juke country.

146  

The second child of Annetta died in infancy. The third, VI 121, was chaste, intelligent, and reputable. She married an industrious man much like herself socially and mentally and had four children. These four are all intelligent, active, and of good repute in the community.

147  

The fourth child of Annetta, VI 124, married and had one son, but was deserted soon after marriage. Since then she has supported herself and child at anything she can find to do. She and her son, now 25 years of age, have moved away from the Juke land and are living in a large city. The son is a shiftless fellow and is but semi-skilled.

148  

The fifth child of Annetta died young. The sixth, VI 126, moved away from the Juke region, following his brother's example, and has become a steady, industrious man. At 21 he married a girl of 16 who is now careful, industrious, and capable. They had three children, a well-behaved boy now 12, doing well in school, and two smaller children.

149  

The next child of Annetta, VI 128, did not migrate from the Juke region when his two brothers left, but remained there. He is a laborer and works at whatever comes his way. He married an ignorant and inefficient woman, a harlot, VI 129, and has four children, three of whom are each retarded 3 years in school.

150  

The next three children of Annetta died in infancy.

151  

The last child of this group, VI 133, born in 1871, was of good repute and of fair intelligence. She married, when young, an industrious man, who is a good citizen, and has three children, who are all capable in school and of good repute.

152  

Amalia, V 39, was a sister of Annetta, and last child of Alice and Stillman. She "had brains enough but used them in the wrong way." She was ignorant, for many years a harlot, and intemperate. Her first husband was a cousin, Douglas, IV 131, an ignorant fellow, a teamster, who was killed by his brother in a drunken brawl. Amalia and Douglas received poor relief for many years. After his death she lived with Royal, V 40, a criminal, by whom she had one illegitimate child, VI 144. She is now dead.

153  

Amalia's first child, VI 136, has gone away from the Juke region. He became a locomotive engineer, married, and is a good citizen. He has one girl recently married, but of whom no trace could be found.

154  

The second child died young.

155  

The third, VI 138, is mentally less active than the others, but has always been industrious and reputable, and occupies a responsible position with a manufacturing firm. He is married and has two children. The older, a son, VII 156, now 40, is an industrious, capable man of good repute. He is married and has one child, now 12, orderly, attractive, and capable in school. VII 157, aged 35, is an intelligent and industrious woman of good repute, a seamstress.

156  

Amalia's fourth child is VI 140, who is persevering and energetic. He developed a good business and acquired property. His business was almost destroyed by fire one Sunday morning, but early the following day he hired horses to replace his burned ones, and was engaged in business as usual. Morally he is of a different make-up. He is reputed to have lived with his "wife" and had all 3 children before legitimizing them by marriage. His wife, VI 141, is shrewish, a fault-finder and ignorant, but of good mentality. They have three children who grew up. The first, VII 158, aged 35, holds a responsible position as a bookkeeper in a large corporation; the second, VII 159, is industrious and quite musical, but intemperate; while the third is an intelligent, industrious woman of good repute. The latter was formerly a school teacher and is now well married.

157  

Amalia's last legitimate child, VI 142, a woman of fair intelligence and repute, married and has four children. The first, VII 164, is married and has gone away from the Juke region. The second, VII 167, an industrious, steady fellow, is married and has 2 children; one doing well in school, and the other still young. I have no data in regard to the last two children of this fraternity.

158  

Amalia's last child, VI 144, the bastard, is quiet in his actions and a steady-going man, but unlettered. He runs an express wagon for himself. He is married, but has no children.

159  

Albert, IV 7, was the third child of Alexander and Beatrice. He was born in 1807, kept a tavern and brothel, was a cautious thief, and was never caught. He received poor relief for many years. He married Ruth, IV 8. She was arrested twice for keeping a brothel, but was not convicted at either time. They had ten children, and this group of the Jukes is characteristically criminal.

160  

The first of the children, Abraham, V 41, was a "sailor; at 19, burglary with his brother 12 years old; 41, county jail, safe keeping, 7 days; unmarried." He died at the age of 50.

161  

The second, Adeline, V 43, is described by Dugdale as follows: "Harlot; at 21, had a bastard girl; married; 25, kept a brothel, fined; 30, safe keeping, county jail, 7 days; intemperate; 33, died in 1863 of the effects of an abortion." She married Hanford, V 42, whose record was: "1855, brothel; 1858, disorderly house, fined; 1859, breach of the peace, county jail, 15 days; dead; probably impotent."

162  

After Hanford's death, Adeline lived with Francis, V 44, a criminal man. Adeline had four bastard children.

163  

The first, VI 146, at 14, was with child by her uncle. At 15 she was in the county jail, and at 17 married. Further than this data of Dugdale's, I could secure no information about this girl.

164  

Adeline's next two children died in infancy.

165  

The last, VI 149, was sent, at 15, to the House of Refuge for grand larceny. At 23 he was sent to State prison for 3 years for burglary along with his uncle Adam, V 47. He was an ignorant, vicious young fellow. Since his term in State prison nothing has been heard of him.

166  

Adam, V 47, born 1823, is described by Dugdale as follows: "Laborer; at 12, burglary; 17, burglary, State prison, 2 years; 22, breach of peace, Sing Sing, 2 years; 24, burglary, third degree, Sing Sing, 3 years; has been 9 times in prison, and served 14 years; learned iron-rolling there; reformed; now rents a quarry; doing well." He could neither read nor write, was intemperate, strong physically, and on little provocation would fight with anyone. Adam's criminal record subsequent to the period at which Dugdale studied him is interesting. At 54 he was in State prison for 3 years for burglary. At 66 he was sent to State prison for 2 years and 6 months for grand larceny, and at 69 was again in State prison for burglary. A conservative estimate of the cost to the State for the arrests, trials, and care of this one man is $6,000. This does not include the amount of his depredations, which can never be known.

167  

Adam's first wife, a woman of reputable parents, was Sue, V 45, who, taking their child with her, left the country when she discovered that her husband was a criminal. Rumor has it that she went West and became a well-known social worker in a certain large city. His second wife was Pauline, V 46, whom he deserted. In 1880 he took his third companion from the poorhouse, but left her shortly afterward. Adam then lived with Sarah Jane, V 48, by whom he had three children. Adam died in the poorhouse at the age of 88.

168  

Sarah Jane, Adam's last consort, has a quiet disposition, and is now a semi-refined, church-going woman. After Adam left her, about 1900, she and her children went to live with another man with whom she still cohabits.

169  

Adam's three children show most interesting traits, in view of their environment and heredity. They lived and grew up 100 miles away from the ancestral breeding-spot of the Jukes. The oldest child of Adam and Sarah Jane, VI 151, was born in 1881. In the low grades in school he was considered a little below the average of the class. At 11, he, with other boys, was arrested for stealing shoes, etc., from stands in the street. The same year that his father was sent to State prison for robbery, the son was sent to the State Industrial School for Boys. Here he showed little aptitude for books, but was very fond of music. He instigated a feeble-minded boy of low grade to set fire to the institution buildings with the hope of escape during the excitement following. The plot failed and he was sent to State prison for from 4 to 7 years for burning a public building. He died of tuberculosis in State prison while serving this sentence.

170  

VI 152, the brother of the above-described man, and four years younger than he, is recalled by his primary school teachers as "a very beautiful child." He was below average in his studies, very pleasant to one's face but treacherous otherwise. At 10 he was sent to the Children's Home for truancy. He immediately ran away and returned to his old haunts. At 11 incorrigibility sent him to the State Industrial School for Boys, where his older brother awaited him. In 1902, aged 17, he was paroled from this institution to his stepfather. In the following year he was fined $3 for breach of the peace, and for burglary was in the county jail 2 months. At 19 he was sent to the county jail for a year for burglary. At 21 he served 2 months in the county jail for burglary. At 22 he was convicted of an assault with intent to kill and a sentence of from 10 to 15 years in State prison was given him. Here again his older brother preceded him. He died of tuberculosis in State prison at the age of 27.

171  

In strong contrast to these two boys is their sister, VI 153. Born in 1887, she has grown up a keen, level-headed girl. She has retained her chastity in spite of the low moral tone of the factories in which she worked and of those who wished to take advantage of her. She is now well married and has one child. The sister of criminal brothers, she has remained chaste, under environmental conditions which would naturally produce prostitution.

172  

Adelbert, V 49, the fourth child of Albert and Ruth, was sent to the county jail for 30 days for assault and battery when he was 20 years of age. At 22 he was convicted of burglary in the third degree and sent to State prison for 2 years. At 31 he was reported as reformed, owning a 40-acre farm and quarry worth $5,000. He is recalled by old residents as a man below par mentally and not liked by the better sort of people. He was slightly intemperate at times, and would get mixed up in petty brawls. His wife, Lu Ethel, V 50, lived with a man before her marriage to Adelbert. She could read and write, was industrious and temperate, and inherited property. They had only one child, VI 155, a girl of good repute and considered intelligent. Later she married an intemperate, lazy ne'er-do-well, VI 156, who deserted her before her last child was born. She had four children, only two of whom are living: a boy, VII 174, industrious and capable, who is married, and a girl, VII 177, of whom nothing is known.

173  

Athena, V 51, was the fifth child of Albert and Ruth. Dugdale's record of her follows: "Harlot; at 20, county jail, 9 days; 22, vagrant, county jail, 2 days; 23, forfeits bail; outdoor relief, 1 year; 25, married; 31, safe-keeping, county jail, 7 days; outdoor relief, 1 year; intemperate; can not read or write." She was sub-normal mentally and an immoral woman. She was kind-hearted and would do anything for anyone of whom she was fond. Though a hard worker, she spent what she earned in drink, hence was always poor. She died of pneumonia and tuberculosis at the age of 62.

174  

Her husband, Levi, V 52, was a canaller and quarryman. At 25, he was sent to Sing Sing for 1 year for larceny. He is a man of low mentality, but has always worked hard; also he has been a very heavy drinker and his wages have gone for this. He received a great deal of poor relief, but records do not show this. Athena and Levi had six children.

175  

The first, VI 157, was a mentally weak woman, who is indolent and inefficient. As a child she had "fits." She was a harlot before she married her cousin, VI 793, of Effie blood. At 29, she was in a hospital for the insane for 2 months, "suicidal and homicidal" with melancholia, after uterine trouble following non-attendance at the birth of her children. She has always been very poor. Her husband was a laborer who tried his hand at many things and succeeded in none. He was ignorant and mentally slow. At 36 he was sent to the penitentiary for 3 months for stealing farm produce. He was accidentally killed during the past year in a mine disaster. They had six children.

176  

The oldest, VII 179, when a young child, would fall downstairs, become black in the face, and froth at the mouth, but she seems to have outgrown these attacks. At one time she was on the stage. She has a rather attractive appearance. She was a harlot before her marriage, which occurred a short time ago. She never paid her bills in any of the places where she has lived.

177  

The second child, VII 180, has had some schooling and is a semi-skilled laborer who is trying hard to get along. He is married to an orderly, industrious, somewhat shrewish woman and has one child, now 5, who is active and playful.

178  

The third child, VII 182, now 24, has always been reputed chaste. She is of "fair mentality" and worked regularly in a cigar factory until her marriage recently.

179  

The fourth child, VII 184, has attended school, is careful and industrious, and has always been considered moral. She married a steady, industrious fellow and has three small children.

180  

The fifth child of VI 157 is a girl, who, at the age of 11, is in grade 3 in school and unable to carry on her work. She is inattentive, careless, sly, and very slovenly in her personal appearance.

181  

The last child in this family, VII 187, is very slow in school, being only in grade 1 at the age of 9.

182  

Athena's second child, VI 158, was a harlot before marriage. She is shiftless, not industrious, and manages her household very poorly. She married a man 16 years older than herself, who is an industrious and steady-going man, but has one brother noted for his licentiousness. They have five children, all of whom are retarded in school, and slow and easy-going in disposition.

183  

The third child of Athena, VI 160, attended school and was always reputed chaste. Now she is untidy and shiftless. She married a man much superior to her in mentality and breeding, who is steady and industrious, and has been "pulled down" by his wife. They have four children. The oldest, VII 193, is slightly below the average in school work, but is trying hard to get along. He is a mouth-breather, but the school physician says that there are no adenoids present. The second, VII 194, is in grade 4 at the age of 10 and is doing fair work, except that in spelling and reading he always leaves out certain letters and combinations of letters. The other two children in this family are still young. The children of VI 158 and VI 160 were born and are being reared in a community many miles away from the Juke region.

184  

Athena's fourth child, VI 163, has attended school, and is an industrious, steady fellow who has been married twice but has no children.

185  

The fifth, VI 164, was ignorant and a laborer who worked at anything he could find to do. He married and had one child, VII 197, a neat quiet-appearing girl, slightly below the average in school work and mentality.

186  

The last child of Athena, VI 167, was a wild, irresponsible boy. He grew up to be a semi-industrious, inefficient man, who has cohabited with two different women and had two children.

187  

The sixth child of Albert and Ruth was Arthur, V 53, who was a quarryman; at the age of 33 could neither read nor write, went to war, was slightly intemperate, semi-industrious, and had no property. He married an industrious, temperate, reputable, but ignorant woman. Of the 15 children born to this pair, 6 died in infancy and 2 of tuberculosis at adolescence. The oldest surviving child, a daughter, VI 174, attended school for 2 years and can read and write. She is not very industrious, is rather easy-going, and quite hypochondriacal. She married a feeble-minded, inefficient man and has one boy, aged 20, who is mentally slow, lazy, and conceited. She has committed incest with her father and now, although living with her husband, conducts herself immorally with others.

188  

Her four brothers, VI 180, 181, 182, and 184, all of whom are grown, are typical Jukes-rather good-looking, semi-industrious, fond of hunting and fishing, intemperate, and licentious.

189  

A younger sister, VI 178, was considered an average child in school. She committed incest with her father after the death of her mother. She married an industrious but intemperate and unprincipled man, VI 179. They have five young children, the oldest of whom is doing average work in the third grade in school.

190  

The last adult of this group, VI 185, was born in 1890. She attended school 3 years, but was stubborn, wilful and mentally incapable of learning. At 15 she was sent to the House of Mercy for petit larceny and at 20 to a Reformatory for Wayward Girls. Her record shows that she had there a premature birth, was later paroled, and finally discharged.

191  

In marked contrast to the two stories of crime and inefficiency in the family groups of Adam and Arthur is that of their younger sister, Althea, V 56. Born in 1846, she was arrested at the age of 15 for prostitution and confined in the county jail for 2 days. This seems to have been her first and last lapse from virtue, as soon after that she married an immigrant and has conducted herself reputably since then. Her husband was a hard-working man, of good intent but intemperate, and considered "smart enough." He was accidentally killed by a railroad train while intoxicated(1888). Soon after her husband died Althea became very intemperate for 2 years. In 1890 she married a man 24 years younger than herself, but soon left him and is now living with her oldest daughter. Ignorant, untrained, and with a consequent narrow outlook on life, she is classed as one of the better ones of the old-time Jukes. Althea had six children.

192  

The first, VI 188, born in 1862, was reputable, industrious, and fairly neat, but at present does not manage her household well. She has had some schooling, and married well. Her husband was an Englishman from a family of good reputation, and a steady worker. This pair had eight children.

193  

The first is VII 207, a good student, who now holds a responsible stenographic position as a private secretary and is married. His brother, VII 208, who was also a good student in school, holds a responsible bookkeeping position. He has a high moral standard and lives up to it. He is unmarried. The third, VII 209, was not as quick in school as his two older brothers, but yet did his work easily. He married young, was a steady worker, but somewhat intemperate, and died under mysterious circumstances while under the influence of liquor. The fourth, VII 211, now 23, was a good student, ambitious, and well-behaved. He married VII 212, in order to legitimize their bastard child. VII 213, born 1893, was a good student, is ambitious, and now working hard. He married at the age of 19. The next child, VII 214, did average work in school, was always chaste, and married young. The two youngest children, VII 216 and VII 217, aged 17 and 14, are mentally very slow and are not quick to grasp school work. They are both hypererotic.

194  

Before leaving this immediate branch it is interesting to note the early marriage of 4 of these boys and 1 girl and the sexual precocity of the two young girls. Is this a remnant of the hypereroticism which produced a short lapse of virtue in the grandmother and the prostitution for which the other Jukes are noted?

195  

To return to our story. The second child of Althea died in infancy. The third, VI 191, was born in 1871. She was a bookkeeper, was chaste, and finally married. The marriage was not happy and she left her husband for another man. She died from the effects of an abortion.

196  

VI 193, the next in this family, was indolent and seemed to be continually in trouble. He left the Juke region and went to Minnesota, where he is reported to have been arrested, but no State prison record of him could be found. There is no further information in regard to him. The next, VI 195, born 1876, was always reputable, makes a good appearance, but, I am told, "has been silly with the boys when younger." She married well, and has one boy, who is in the seventh grade at the age of 13 and doing well. The youngest member of this family, VI 197, is a neat, refined woman with a quiet disposition, who has recently married. Although slow in school, she has become a good member of society.

197  

As one studies the Jukes and finds here and there a family such as the one described above, one sees a solution to the problem of the mental defective by out-marriage into stocks entirely different from that of the deficient strain. Here an industrious foreigner was mated to an "old-time" Juke and produced a progeny of whom the greater part has been distinctly social.

198  

The next two children of Albert died in infancy. The next, Kitty, V 60, died a young girl. The last in this family was Andrew, V 61, who is still living. He was born in 1854 and is described by Dugdale as "a handsome boy; a loafer who cares only for shooting and fishing, and lives with parents on the town." As he grew older he became more industrious and worked during the season in the cement mines. He has been in two serious mine accidents. In one he was given up as dead, as pieces of the cement rock had been embedded deeply in the flesh in various parts of the body. He recovered and to-day shows with a great deal of pride large pieces of rock, some as large as a hen's egg, which can be felt under the skin. He still hunts and fishes. He married Sylvia, V 62, an energetic, orderly woman who has saved money, so that now the family is comfortable. They have three children.

199  

The first, VI 200, is a hunter and fisher, mentally slow, having reached only the fourth grade during his eight years of school life. He is one of the "old-type Jukes" and lives in a shack near his father in the old Juke country. He married a reputable but ignorant woman, VI 199, who comes from a mentally defective family. They have three young children.

200  

The second child of Andrew is an industrious but intemperate fellow, who is married but has no children.

201  

The last, VI 203, was spoken of as "a bright girl in school," and was always of good repute. She married some years ago, but had no children.

202  

The fourth child of the cousin-mating of Alexander and Beatrice was Amanda, IV 9, a harlot, a recipient of poor relief and, as an old woman, nearly blind. She cohabited for many years with Lucien, IV 10. This man was described by Dugdale as follows: "Mason; excellent workman; idle; in middle life an habitual drunkard; deserted wife and children, and took up with Amanda; thief, though never caught; trained his children to crime; -his- father -of- good family and well off; his brother swindled him out of his property; 1850, outdoor relief, 2 years; 1852, died; town burial." He was reported to me as being a "thief, liar, and a man of no principles." This pair had four children: Anthony, Antonio, Abigail, and Alpha.

203  

Anthony, V 64, born 1828, was arrested at the age of 10 for stealing wood. At 26 he was arrested for burglary, but acquitted. At 42, although he had committed a murder, he was acquitted by the court. At 44 he was in the county jail for a short period. He has received pauper relief. He cohabited with a harlot, Vida, V 63, and had a bastard child. About 40 years ago, while under suspicion for a crime, he and his family left the State and have never been heard of since. No doubt the criminal career of this man continued. He probably changed his name upon leaving the Juke region. Although search was made for him by me in different parts of the country, no trace could be found.

204  

Antonio, V 66, brother of Anthony, who has previously been described, was a criminal of the worst type. He was born in 1830 and has the following story in the Juke book: "Laborer; at 30, burglary, third degree, Sing Sing, 3 years; 33, soldier; 40, outdoor relief, 1 year; 41, attempt at rape, Albany penitentiary, 1 year; 42, outdoor relief, 1 year; attempt at rape, Albany penitentiary, 1 year; 43, outdoor relief, 2 years; 44, burglary in the first degree, Sing Sing, 20 years; syphilis." By his "wife," Ivilla, V 65, who was ignorant, inefficient, and a harlot, he had four illegitimate children.

205  

The oldest, VI 207, was born in 1863. At the age of 11 she was raped by the man with whom her mother was living while her own father was in prison; she was sent to the House of Refuge for vagrancy. At that time she could neither read nor write. After leaving the House of Refuge, she became a harlot and was an inmate of houses of prostitution. She was arrested and sent to the penitentiary several times for disorderly conduct. She was neat in appearance, well-groomed, and of good physique and bearing. She died of gastric ulcer, inanition, and syphilis, in a road-house, at the age of 43. Her one child, VII 222, was also a prostitute, and died at the age of 25.

206  

Antonio's second child, VI 200, born 1864, was sent to the House of Refuge soon after his sister. At 16 he was still uncontrollable and did not get along well with any of the many people with whom he had been placed by the House of Refuge. In recent years he has saved a little money, but is spoken of as "below average mentally." He has a sullen, suspicious, and retiring nature, is married, and has one child.

207  

Antonio's third child, VI 210, was born in 1866. At 8 she was sent to the House of Refuge as a disorderly child. Here she remained one year. At 11 she was returned to the House of Refuge for disorderly conduct. She was in and out of the House of Refuge until she reached the age of 18, when she was finally discharged. She showed immoral tendencies during the whole of this period. At 18 she was sent to the penitentiary for disorderly conduct, and again in the next year was sent to the penitentiary for the same cause. She was always a harlot and died at the age of 29.

208  

The last child of Antonio and Ivilla, VI 211, born in 1871, was sent to the House of Refuge at the age of 11 for disorderly conduct and petit larceny. Here he was "poor in school work, ungovernable, and retained evil ideas." At the age of 16 he left the House of Refuge. At 22 he was sent to State prison for 1 year for burglary. In 1894, at the age of 23, he was sent to the penitentiary for 6 months for obstructing an officer. He later became "half-way respectable," and married a harlot who had had a bastard child before marriage. He disappeared some years ago and has not been heard of since.

209  

The third child of Amanda and Lucien was Abigail, V 67. She was "a harlot; recipient of outdoor relief; keeper of a brothel, and contriver of crime." She was spoken of as "average mentally but very weak morally;" trained her children to crime and harlotry. She was also very intemperate. She married her third cousin, Benjamin, IV 63, a grandson of Bell Juke. He received a soldier's pension and also received outdoor relief. He could neither read nor write, was "rather honest," and "better morally than mentally." He spent the last three years of his life in the poorhouse, where he died in 1890. This mating of the "average mentally but very weak morally" woman and the "better morally than mentally" man produced a progeny weak both mentally and morally.

210  

The oldest child, VI 215, was a harlot at the age of 28 and kept a brothel. She had four illegitimate children, only one of whom, a female, VII 227, grew up. This woman had one illegitimate child, now grown up, who, like her mother, is a prostitute. VI 215 then married an industrious though unskilled and ignorant man, VI 216. At this time the pair went away from the Juke region to a manufacturing city in Connecticut, where they raised three of the ten children born to them. They have always been poor. The husband is now dead, and the wife, at the age of 70, supports herself by washings. She is a great talker, is ignorant, has no breadth of ideas, and is of a defective make-up.

211  

The first of these three children, VII 231, did "average work in school," became a harlot, married a good, industrious man, VII 230, "settled down," and had three children, all of whom did well in school and bid fair to be good citizens. The next younger is VII 232, who was in grade 5 at 12 and, while she did good work in reading and spelling, was very poor in arithmetic and geography. She was a harlot before and after marriage. The youngest of the three who lived, VII 234, was born in 1880. An "average child in school," he showed a great deal of artistic ability and is now a skilled workman in silver. He is not inclined to work steadily, but when he does he earns good wages. He is very intemperate. He married an industrious though ignorant woman, VII 235, and had one child, VIII 88. This boy tries to do well in school, but is slow in grasping an idea and is not clever with his hands. He is a well-behaved boy.

212  

The second child of Abigail and Benjamin is VI 217. Born in 1857, she was in the poorhouse at 7; at 13, a harlot; at 15, forced to thieve by mother; at 17, county jail, witness, 90 days; and also at 17, sent to the House of Refuge for disorderly conduct and prostitution. Here she was "profane and incorrigible." At 25, she was finally discharged from the House of Refuge after several futile attempts to place her satisfactorily in private homes. She then returned to the man, VI 218, with whom she had been living before being sent to the House of Refuge. She is remembered now by her neighbors as "mentally of low grade and with no sex or other control." She was inefficient, ignorant, and died childless in 1910 of paralysis.

213  

The next sib, VI 220, was born in 1859. At the age of 15, a truant from school and a wanderer in the streets, he was sent to the House of Refuge for vagrancy, where he remained 2 years. At 19 he was arrested for disorderly conduct and sent to jail for 30 days. Later in the same year he was sent to the penitentiary for a term of 3 months for assault and battery. At 19 he was arrested for stealing a gun and sentenced to 30 days in jail. Besides these the following records of conviction are found: at 19, stealing chickens, county jail; at 20, assault and battery, penitentiary, 6 months; at 36, assault, county jail, 7 days; at 37, assault and battery, guilty but discharged. He is a laborer and works rather steadily; most of his earnings, however, go into drink and most of his crimes have been committed while in an intoxicated condition. His first wife was confined in the poorhouse and then all trace of her is lost.

214  

VI 220 later married, consanguineously, VI 567, a mentally dull, ignorant, and inefficient woman. She bore nine children to him, only five of whom are living. The home of this family knows no comforts, the floors are bare, the many broken panes of the windows are stuffed with old rags, the few chairs are rickety and unsafe, and the food is both poorly cooked and lacking in nourishment. Their oldest girl, VII 242, did fair work in school for several years. She married at 16 and has one child. At 18 her husband left her for a short while and she attempted to commit suicide by taking poison. She still lives with her parents and is an unambitious, listless-appearing girl. Her younger brother, VII 244, now 16, a cross-eyed boy, was very dull in school and incapable of learning. At 14 he was in the third grade in school and was, at that time, twice arrested during his fourteenth year for grand larceny in the second degree, but the cases against him were not pressed. The next child in this group, VII 245, aged 14, is much more active mentally and physically, and is doing average work in school. He is mischievous, though not vicious. The two remaining children are still young and are in a frightfully neglected condition.

215  

VI 222, the next child of Abigail, born 1861, was in the poorhouse at 2, and at 13 was sent to the House of Refuge for disorderly conduct. At 20 he was arrested for petit larceny and sent to the penitentiary for 2 months. At 21 he was arrested for threatening bodily harm to a person. At 27 he was in the poorhouse for 1 year. Subsequently he was arrested several times and sentenced three times for intoxication and disorderly conduct. He is now intemperate, semi-industrious, inefficient, and ignorant. He has cohabited with several women, having by one a girl, VII 250, born in 1890. At 13 she was sent to a Rescue Home for disorderly conduct. At 14 she was sent to the penitentiary for prostitution. She is now a harlot, works at times in a cigar factory, is intemperate and a wanderer. She can read and write. She has been an inmate of houses of prostitution and has led many girls into a life of shame.

216  

The next child of Abigail and Benjamin, VI 224, was born in 1869. Deserted by his mother at 12, he was sent to an Orphans' Home, where he died.

217  

His brother, VI 226, was admitted to the Orphans' Home at the same time. He was later adopted into a good family in a small city in the Middle West. The Charity Organization Society records give good reports of him. A personal visit disclosed a man with a veneer of refinement, intermittently industrious, an unskilled laborer, and generally inefficient. Although uneducated, he seems desirous that his children should do well in school. He is temperate. Some years ago, after a liaison with a woman, he married a widow with several children. He had four children by this woman. Twin boys, now 9, are still in the first grade in school, and the teacher reports them mentally below par. A girl, aged 7, seems to be mentally more capable than the boys. The fourth is still a youngster. Several years ago this family received much help from the town. Their house is poorly furnished, but everything is neat and clean.

218  

The last in this group, VI 228, was born in 1860. Her criminal record gives a perfect picture of her history. She was arrested at 17 for intoxication and sent to the county jail for 5 days; at 34, disorderly conduct, county jail, 60 days; and also keeping disorderly house and disorderly conduct, penitentiary, 3 months; at 40, disorderly conduct, prostitution, county jail, 5 days; and at 42, disorderly, county jail, 10 days with sentence suspended. She has had seven illegitimate children, only one of whom, VII 256, survived infancy. Most of the others died of syphilis. VII 256, feeble-minded, incapable of learning in school, a harlot and syphilitic, died of neglect and pneumonia at the age of 28. This ends the description of the descendants of Abigail and Benjamin. Truly can it be said in general that this group "is weak mentally and morally."

219  

The last child of Amanda and Lucien was Alpha, V 68. At 17 he was convicted of burglary in the third degree and sent to the penitentiary for 2 1/3 years. At 19 he died, unmarried, and was buried by the town.

220  

We will next consider the descendants of the cousin-mating of Alfred, IV 11, and Dinah, IV 122. This group is particularly interesting because Dugdale has discussed it in his case 3, p. 21. Alfred, industrious, occasionally intemperate and the recipient of outdoor relief, married his second cousin, Dinah, an opium-eater, ignorant and not alcoholic. They had eight children. Their oldest, Alphonse, V 70, was industrious, acquired property worth $2,000, married, but had no children. He is now dead.

221  

Achsa, V 72, the second child, is now living. She never had any schooling and has not improved herself mentally. She has always been industrious, and has a good reputation. She has a little property and receives a soldier's widow's pension. She married an industrious, intemperate man, Hendrick, V 71. This man, while intoxicated, killed the woman who attended the bar where he procured his drink and was sent to State prison for 2 years for murder in the fourth degree. He had five children, only three of whom grew up. The oldest, VI 231, an industrious, reputable woman, married and had one child who is now doing good work in high school. She is hypererotic. The next child, VI 232, is a laborer and is industrious, but unskilled and rather ignorant. He works at any odd job. He is a shy, inoffensive creature. He married a woman somewhat of his own type and has 5 children, 4 of whom in school are mentally slow and incapable of learning, although they try their best. For the past 5 years this family has received help from the town. The next two children of Achsa died in infancy. The last child of Achsa, VI 236, entered high school but left before graduation. At 19, while intoxicated, he committed an assault and was sent to the county jail for 5 days. He is now employed in a responsible position in the fire department of Z and bears a good name in the community. He is married to a neat-appearing, industrious woman, and has two small children.

222  

Addie, V 74, sister of Achsa, was a hard-working woman. Nothing is known of her first husband. She acquired syphilis from her second husband and died of syphilitic consumption at the age of 28. Her one son, VI 238, inefficient, intemperate, syphilitic, and tubercular, died in the poorhouse at the age of 39.

223  

Alta, V 76, another sister, is now living and bears a good reputation. Her husband was a soldier in the Civil War, acquired syphilis, and receives a pension. They have no children.

224  

Horace, V 78, "idle and unmarried at nineteen," in 1874, worked steadily for many years in a keg factory. Although mildly intemperate, he seems to have always kept his family comfortably fed and clothed. He married a rather garrulous, though industrious, woman, who was also shrewish. This woman, Marie, V 79, is considered fairly intelligent and has had some schooling. Horace and Marie had 9 children, all of whom are steady, hard-working boys and girls. They tried hard to get along at school, but were unable to advance beyond the fifth grade. At the age of 14 we find them leaving school to go to work. All of them are of good repute and have married young. Horace died recently of paralysis.

225  

With the exception, then, of one boy, VI 238, this consanguineous mating of Alfred and Dinah has produced an offspring characterized by the trait of industry. With a few exceptions it has also produced a low mental ability indicated by school retardations, which has hindered the individual in the full development of the industrious trait.

226  

This ends the description of the descendants of the illegitimate child of Ada Juke.

VI. DESCENDANTS OF ADA'S LEGITIMATE CHILDREN. Chart 2.

227  

We now turn to the study of Ada's legitimate posterity. Ada, after having had an illegitimate child, the founder of the illegitimate branch just described, married Lem, II 2, a man who is commonly reputed to be a lineal, although illegitimate, descendant of a Colonial Governor of New York. Ada and Lem had 4 children: Abe, Aaron, Aurora, and Aleene. The first, Abe, III 2, indolent, licentious, syphilitic, and a pauper, married his cousin, Cora, III 29, a daughter of Clara Juke, and a woman of good repute. All their children had constitutional syphilis acquired from the father.

228  

The first child, Amy, IV 14, was a harlot, was intemperate, lazy, weak-minded, and kept a brothel. She was also blind. She married a man similar to herself and they had eight children, six of whom died in infancy. The other two children, both girls, were harlots and unable to read and write. One was Hannah, V 83, in the county jail for disorderly conduct and also, with her child, in the poorhouse. Her sister, Jennie, V 84, has also been in the poorhouse. These two are now dead and have left no known descendants.

229  

Ann, IV 15, a woman of good repute, the second daughter of Abe and Cora, married in turn a cousin, Ben, IV 74, a descendant of Bell and Clara Juke. Ben was a laborer, somewhat industrious in spite of being nearly blind. He had a quiet disposition, was ignorant, and considered by the populace as mentally deficient. The result on the off-spring of two consecutive consanguineous matings is interesting. This group is of note also since Dugdale discussed them in his case 1.

230  

The oldest child of Ben and Ann is Lloyd, V 88, spoken of in Dugdale's time as "a laborer, industrious and temperate." He was a soldier during the Civil War and now receives a pension. He is a local constable. He has never acquired any property and is now only intermittently industrious. Beyond mere ability to read and write he has little education. He married a reputable, industrious woman, Oneida, V 87, and had four children.

231  

The oldest, VI 256, now 42, is a coarse and shrewish harlot. She has some schooling, is a hard worker, and now takes in washings to support herself. She married early and her first child was born in the poorhouse. After all of her children were born her husband left her, and she cohabited with other men. All of her four children were taken away soon after that and placed in the Middle West, where they are doing well - morally, mentally, and physically.

232  

The second living child of Lloyd, VI 259, a wandering actor, is married and has four children. He is now attempting to get a divorce in order to marry an actress.

233  

The third child, VI 261, ran away from home at 14 and joined her brother's traveling circus. She was arrested by her father and committed to the House of Refuge for disorderly conduct. At the age of 16 she was discharged and at 17 she married. She is now neat and refined in appearance, is industrious and quite orderly, but clandestinely a prostitute. Her husband is a steady-working barber. The oldest of five children born to them, a girl, VII 284, did "fair work" in school and has a quiet, gentle disposition. Her sister, VII 285, "can learn easily but won't apply herself," jumps at conclusions, and is not accurate in her work. She has an ugly temper. The three remaining children are young.

234  

The youngest child of Lloyd and Oneida is a semi-industrious but intemperate laborer.

235  

After the mother of these children died, and while they were still young, Lloyd brought home a shrewish though industrious widow, Nora, V 89, to live with him and bring up his children. These two are still living together, but the example set to the children while they were being reared was not of the best.

236  

Lloyd's sister, Mary Eliza, V 90, has always borne a good reputation, can read and write, is industrious and neat, and has tried to do well, notwithstanding her ignorant and drunken husband, Keford, V 91. He was always industrious and when a young man had a kind disposition, but as time went on he drank more and more, became sullen, morose, suspicious, and finally, at the age of 67, tried to kill his wife. He was committed to a hospital for the insane, and a diagnosis of arterio-sclerotic insanity was made. Both of his parents died of arterio-sclerosis. The children of Keford and Mary Eliza follow:

237  

The first, VI 266, is a steady, hard-working fellow with some schooling. He married and had two children. The first, VII 289, is refined and neat, but is mentally incapable of doing high-school work. The second, VII 290, is careless and deceitful and does poor work in school. She is in grade 5 at 11 years.

238  

VI 268, sister of VI 266, a harlot before marriage, is now reputable and industrious. She is garrulous and her talk reveals a shallow mind incapable of reasoning beyond the little sphere of life in which she lives. Her husband works steadily, but receives small wages. He has a shallow mentality similar to that of his wife. Their oldest child, VII 291, was a harlot before marriage, but is now reputable and has one child. VII 293, a son of VI 268, has worked himself up on the railroad until now he holds a responsible position. The two younger girls are doing average work in school and are neat but very shy.

239  

The third living child of Keford, VI 270, industrious and neat, a harlot before marriage, has a shallow mind like her sister. She has two children: one neat, chaste, mentally slow but accurate; the other neat, chaste, mentally quick, and accurate.

240  

VI 272, the fourth living child of Mary Eliza, is spoken of as "silly." She is talkative, has a pleasant disposition, and was a harlot before marriage. She has had three children, two of whom died in infancy.

241  

The last child of Keford and Mary Eliza was VI 274, a harlot who died, soon after marriage, at the birth of her first child.

242  

Simon, V 93, a brother of Mary Eliza, is an ignorant, feeble-minded, consequently inefficient, and also licentious man. He married once and cohabited with two different women. He has always been poor and is now both crippled by rheumatism and very deaf. By his first consort, Selma, V 92, of whom nothing is known, Simon has one child, VI 276.

243  

VI 276 was for some years in a Children's Home. At an early age she married and has had six children. Her husband, VI 277, is a hard-working man, but seems to take little interest in his surroundings. He appears not to realize how socially unfit he and his family are. The wife is apathetic, disgustingly dirty, and careless about her house, self, and children. She has been given much help by her neighbors, but to no avail. When new clothes are given the family the mother sews them on the children, where they remain until they are past wearing; they are then cut off and a new set sewed on. No washing ever takes place. One of the six children of this couple was "bright." He died suddenly at the age of 8. The other children are very wild, grab their scraps of food from the table, then run. They are specimens of terrible neglect. Those who attend school do so very irregularly and are considered poor pupils. It would be interesting to note what these children could do in school were they fed and clothed properly. The family is continually moving, sometimes to avoid paying rent.

244  

Isabella, V 97, a sister of Simon and Mary Eliza, cohabited young and had two children. At the age of 24, deserted by her man, she went to the almshouse with them. The two children were placed in an Orphans' Home, where one died, while the other ran away and has disappeared. Isabella left the almshouse soon after the children had been disposed of. She then cohabited with another man and had two illegitimate girls, who in turn have become harlots. She then married her cousin, VI 611, but had no children by him. She died poor and neglected in 1910.

245  

Imogen, V 98, next younger than Isabella, married her cousin, Levan, V 253, a descendant of Bell and Clara Juke. She was of good repute at that time. The family was poor, as Levan was a semi-industrious laborer and saved no money. In his later years he has committed rape on several young girls. He and his wife had three children. The eldest, VI 287, is ignorant, mentally slow, licentious, indolent, and has little ambition; she married a man of poor mentality, but who had the redeeming trait of being industrious, and they had three boys. These were incapable of learning in school and will grow up unskilled and unlettered, and consequently unable to get along well in life.

246  

The second child of Imogen, VI 288, was sent to the county jail for a term of 6 months for burglary in the third degree. He escaped from jail and upon being apprehended was sent to State prison for one year. He is a laborer, unlettered, with little schooling, is married, and has two small children.

247  

The third child of Imogen, VI 290, much like her older sister, is inefficient and a prostitute. She cohabited with VI 291 and they had seven children. This man is industrious, has some schooling, and, with a real helpmeet, "would be quite a man." As it is, the family lives in filth and squalor and the children are underfed and half-clothed.

248  

Pius, V 100, a brother of Imogen and Isabella, has always borne a good reputation, is a laborer, and has always worked steadily, although he never had any schooling. He is married and has two children - a son, VI 293, industrious and "steady," and a daughter, VI 294, who seems always to have been reputable, is now married, and has three children.

249  

Hulda Ann, V 103, sister of Pius, was born in 1860. She married Shy, V 102, when she was young, but left her husband in order to cohabit with Valentine, V 104. This man is a hack driver in a small town and his earnings are small and somewhat irregular. He is a big brute of a fellow and has quite a temper. Hulda Ann has been obliged to do plain nursing to help the family financially. She has fair intelligence, though little education. They had one illegitimate child, VI 296, who was quite capable in school and during her first year in high school did average work. She soon dropped out, however, went to work in a factory, and is now a harlot.

250  

Augusta, IV 17, a sister of Ann and daughter of Abe and Cora, was an ignorant but hard-working woman. She married Hezekiah, IV 16. These two were helped by the town for 3 years just previous to the time Hezekiah went to the poorhouse, where he died at the age of 40 of tuberculosis. They had four children, two dying in infancy.

251  

The oldest, a boy, Hannibal, V 106, was born in 1844 and was placed while yet young in a good family in the Juke region. He learned the blacksmith trade, and, meeting with many people who came to his master's shop, he soon learned to "dicker" and became quite adept at striking a bargain. He enlisted in the army at the outbreak of the Civil War and served through the whole war. He became an actor and was very successful; then he entered the theatrical business, in which in the course of ten years he cleared $100,000. This he invested in a stock farm and became the owner of two famous stallions of that time. The plays he produced were mostly western dramas. The scene of one of his best-known plays was laid in the town of Y, in the heart of the Juke country. Hannibal's stage name was on the tongues' end of the whole theater-going public of 20 and 30 years ago. He became financially embarassed -sic- in his later years, grew despondent over a broken wrist which refused to heal, and, fearing an operation which was deemed necessary, he committed suicide at the age of 64. He was married but had no children. He had a kind, generous disposition, and disliked to see want and suffering. At one time while the play laid in the Juke region was being enacted in Z, he sent out 100 passes to many of his old friends of this place, mostly Jukes.

252  

Hannibal's sister Nanchia, V 108, was a waitress and worked in a hotel. She was a harlot and thus acquired syphilis. She cohabited with a man, and had two illegitimate children, both of whom died. Nanchia is now dead.

253  

To return to Augusta: After Hezekiah, her husband, died, she charged bastardy on her cousin, Barney, IV 75, and he married her. He was, however, impotent. After they had lived together five years he died of consumption, and she lived then with Herbert, IV 17a, who later deserted her. She had by Herbert one daughter, Lavinia, V 112, and two bastard boys who died in infancy. Dugdale's record of Lavinia follows: "At 7, misdemeanor, county jail; harlot before marriage; 18, poorhouse, mulatto child born; tried suicide twice; 19, married; in service; syphilis." Two of her children died of syphilis. She was mentally defective and is now dead.

254  

Aurelia, IV 18, sister of Augusta, was a harlot before marriage and had one illegitimate son, Robin, V 116. She then married and had two children who died in infancy. She was murdered some years ago, but the details of the murder could not be secured. Her son Robin acquired a little property and now owns a canal boat.

255  

Robin and Gama, V 115, married and had three girls: one, a prostitute, had two illegitimate children; one married well and is now dead; the third is industrious and reputable but ignorant. She has recently married.

256  

Agatha, IV 20, a sister of Augusta, was a harlot. She acquired syphilis and lived in her sister's brothels. She had three illegitimate daughters; two have disappeared, the third, Maud, V 120, who could not be found by me, was adopted into a private family and is reported by Dugdale as doing well.

257  

Maxine, IV 22, was another sister of Augusta and Agatha. She was a harlot and at the age of 25 had a bastard son by her cousin Aubrey, IV 28. This boy, Percy, V 122, had no education, but has grown up to be an honest man of fair intelligence. He is a laborer, works steadily, pays his debts, and has acquired a small farm on which he lives. By his first wife, Lena, V 121, a good and industrious woman, he had two children, a boy and a girl. Both were capable in school and are quiet and industrious. After his wife died Percy secured a widow, Susan, V 123, as a housekeeper, and in 1912 had a bastard son by her.

258  

Maxine, after the birth of Percy, married a cousin, Bert, IV 77, a descendant of Bell and Clara Juke. He was impotent and she procured a divorce from him. She then cohabited with Sandy, IV 23, an ignorant, semi-industrious, intemperate wanderer. After being on the canal for some time Sandy and Maxine went to work on a farm 50 miles from the Juke region. They "never amounted to anything" and both are now dead. This pair had seven bastard children: Peggy, Winifred, Gus, Jessie, Louise, Roscoe, and Hen.

259  

The oldest child, Peggy, V 124, is an ignorant, hard-working woman. Her mind is "shallow" and her appreciation of causation somewhat deficient. She has now a slight memory defect. The belief rampant among the Nams that they were to inherit a large sum of money crops out here and there among the Jukes. Peggy lives on and works hard to support the family, comforting herself that some day she is to inherit a great sum of money from an ancestor. Peggy, when very young, married William, V 125, a member of a very degenerate family in the neighborhood in which she was born. William is a hard-working though unskilled man, earning $7 a week regularly. All his wages go, and have gone for many years, into drink, and for the last 20 years Peggy has done washings to supply the daily bread. While under the influence of liquor William becomes ugly and has threatened harm to his wife. He has been arrested many times for drunkenness, but never sentenced. He lives in rather poor conditions in a small city away from the Juke region. William and Peggy have four children.

260  

VI 315, a male, ignorant, inefficient, intemperate, and poor.

261  

VI 316, female, who died young.

262  

VI 319, a clandestine harlot before marriage and ignorant, but a steady worker, neat and fairly capable.

263  

VI 318, male, has never had any schooling, is intemperate, though not so much so as his father, works steadily at times, is considered of fair mentality, but is inefficient and can not keep a position long. He has lived for 11 years with VI 317, a young married woman deserted by her husband. She is a hard-working creature and takes in washings to help along. She has neglected the five children she has had by the last mating and also the one by her first mating. This neglect is probably due to ignorance and general inefficiency as well as inability. She was sick with rheumatism some years ago and the whole family was helped by the town for 2 years. This couple had five children. The first, a boy, VII 334, now 11, is below average in school and had infantile paralysis at 3. He is poorly nourished and ataxic in his movements. The second, VII 335, aged 9, is a boy who is good in school and does average work. He is underfed and anemic. The next two, a boy and a girl, VII 337 and VII 336, are still young and are in a neglected and underfed condition. The fifth, VII 338, died at the age of 3 months of cholera infantum.

264  

V 126, a daughter of Maxine, died in infancy.

265  

Winifred, V 127, the next child of Maxine, married young, went away and died at the age of 40. All trace of her four sons is gone.

266  

Gus, V 129, was accidentally choked to death at the age of 7.

267  

Jessie, V 130, the next daughter, is much like her sister Peggy in mentality and behavior. She married Wallace, V 131, a member of a degenerate family and distantly related to William, the husband of Peggy. Wallace, at the age of 15, was arrested with his father for burglary. He was not sentenced, but his father was sent to State prison for 15 years. He inherited an unproductive farm and buildings on the top of a mountain. Here he lives, spending his time in hunting and fishing. He is a capable blacksmith, but is poor because he is too lazy to work at his trade. He is very intemperate and when intoxicated he abuses his wife and children. The house he lives in is fast falling to pieces and is almost destitute of contents. Jessie brings in most of the money which keeps the family from starvation. Wallace and Jessie had eleven children, five of whom died in infancy. The six living children are next described.

268  

The eldest, VI 326, aged 34, like his father is very intemperate. He attended school, but could not advance beyond the third grade. He is a section hand on the rail-road and works steadily, but spends all his small wages in liquor. His wife is more intelligent than himself, is semi-industrious, and fairly neat in their home, but is intemperate at times. This house is on the mountain side directly across the way from that of Wallace. It is made from pieces of the sides of freight cars gathered from a train wreck. The outside and roof are covered with tar-paper. The three rooms inside are barely furnished. VI 326 has no children.

269  

VI 329, the second living one in this group, was "stupid" in school, married young and had eight children, five of whom died in infancy. Her husband, VI 330, an inefficient laborer, is continually moving his family here and there.

270  

The third, VI 333, aged 22, is mentally slow and was unable to grasp school work. He is unindustrious and, like his father, is intemperate.

271  

The fourth, VI 334, aged 19, has been brought up in the mountains away from any refining influence and has no morals. She had no taste for books at school and left as soon as she reached the age of 14. She is intemperate and during her visits to a nearby city she associates with low, vicious characters.

272  

The two youngest children, VI 336 and VI 337, are feeble-minded. They are in school, but are unable to progress in their studies.

273  

Next in generation V is Louise, V 132, a sister of Jessie and Peggy, a woman who is ignorant and untrained, but persistently industrious. Her husband, Hyman, V 133, is a farmer. He has tried many things in order to earn a living, but has succeeded in nothing. He is temperate but ignorant and "lacks judgment." The oldest child of Louise and Hyman, VI 339, is mentally deficient and shy and has a shifty demeanor. She is married to a cousin in the out blood and has two small children. Louise's two other children are still young.

274  

Roscoe, V 134, a brother of Louise, had a "fair amount of brains," but was untrained and very intemperate. He cohabited, for some years with a woman by whom he had one child. Later this woman deserted him, took the child, and has left no trace. Roscoe was accidentally killed some years ago while working as a laborer.

275  

Hen, V 136, brother of Roscoe, has had little schooling, but is considered "of fair mentality." He is intemperate, but is industrious and has a steady position on the railroad. He is now cohabiting with a married woman who has left her husband.

276  

The next child of Abe and Cora was Aba, IV 24, and the last was Arabella, IV 26, an idiot with constitutional syphilis, who was in the poorhouse at 16 and probably soon died, as the records of her disappear at this point. Aba inherited constitutional syphilis from his father. At 12 he was in the poorhouse for 3 years. He became a laborer and, although temperate when young, was alcoholic in later years. He married Lorena, IV 25, of a degenerate family, ignorant but semi-industrious. At 34 Aba broke his leg and during this time he and his family received outdoor relief for 1 year. Aba was always poor and at the age of 40 went to the poorhouse, where he remained 24 years until he died. They had ten children, one of whom died in infancy. Those who grew up were: Gretchen, Juliet, Merlin, Len, Ida May, Olympia, Hattie, Samantha, and Paul.

277  

Gretchen, V 139, was mentally deficient, had no schooling, and was a harlot. She married and had four children, who were placed in a Children's Home; all trace of them has been lost. Gretchen left her husband, cohabited with others, and finally died of consumption at the age of 42.

278  

Juliet, V 141, who never had any schooling, was considered much more intelligent than Gretchen. At the age of 16 she married VII 15 (see chart 1) of X blood, an indolent, inefficient, licentious man who inherited land from his father. This pair had four children.

279  

The first, VI 349, was unlettered, inefficient, indolent, and left his wife and four young children to cohabit with a cousin, VI 910 (see Effie).

280  

The second, VI 351, was mentally deficient and unable to read or write. She married consanguineously and tried to do well by her intemperate, inefficient husband, VI 905 (see Effie), and four anemic, poorly fed, and mentally deficient children. She died of syphilitic consumption and neglect at the age of 37.

281  

The third child of Juliet, VI 352, died at the age of 4.

282  

The fourth, VI 353, aged 23, is unable to read and write and is not active mentally. Although very young at the time of her mother's death, she soon left home and went into service. At 14 she married VI 38, a cousin (see Ada, page 7), and has several small children. VI 38 is only semi-industrious and the family is in poor shape.

283  

Merlin, V 142, the next child of Aba and Lorena, could neither read nor write, was only semi-industrious, and, on the whole, inefficient. He was always a laborer, was very intemperate, was convicted twice for public intoxication and served ten days in jail. He was "not considered smart" and was always poor. He died of an overdose of liquor or poison in a disorderly saloon. His wife Josephine, V 143, a member of another mentally deficient and degenerate family, also of the Juke region, was mentally slow, ignorant, and only semi-industrious. After Merlin's death she cohabited with other men. Merlin and Josephine had nine children, of whom two died in infancy.

284  

VI 355, male, ignorant, semi-industrious, licentious, is now dead as a result of a drunken brawl.

285  

VI 356, female, mentally slow and incapable in school, semi-efficient, married a man who has another wife and a child living.

286  

VI 358, a feeble-minded prostitute, has been in the reformatory for disordery -sic- conduct.

287  

Two boys, VI 359 and VI 362, are of low mental grade and inefficient.

288  

VI 360, female, mentally inactive but fairly industrious, married and has two small children.

289  

VI 365, female, now 12, does fair work in school.

290  

Len, V 144, a brother of Merlin, has never attended school and can neither read nor write. He married at 19, but 6 months later left his wife. He then lived with a cousin, VI 613, a descendant of Bell, Clara, and Delia Juke, thus producing an offspring having A, B, C, and D blood. She is ignorant, causationless, untrained, inefficient, and dirty, but industrious.

291  

V 144 and VI 613 had: VI 367, a girl, mentally slow in school, a harlot, and now married; VI 368, a boy, 19, good in arithmetic, but very poor in other subjects in school, and now working as a laborer; VI 369, a boy of 13, doing the same work as his brother in school, but anemic, underfed, and neglected; VI 370, a boy slow in school and very neglected; two children still young and neglected; and one child dead, who completes the family. Len is now a farm-hand and works steadily, but makes only a dollar a day and is slightly intemperate. Thus the family lives in want and in filth.

292  

Ida May, V 145, now 44, was incapable of learning at school and was a harlot before marriage. When young she went into service and it is reported she had a bastard child, of whom there is no trace. She married a temperate, industrious, but tuberculous farm-hand, Pompey, V 146, and has two sons. Of these, one, VI 374, is an average child in school; the other, VI 375, is retarded, lazy, and inattentive. Since marriage, Ida May has done housework by the day to help support the family. They live in poor conditions in a tenant house in the country.

293  

Olympia, V 147, very slow and unable to learn in school, married when young an intemperate, shiftless, semi-industrious laborer named Julius, V 148, who, when intoxicated (which is often) is abusive to his wife and sometimes cruel. She has left him at intervals, but each time has returned upon his promises to do better. Some time ago Julius was arrested for stealing chickens and sent to jail. Olympia has always worked hard and earned much money by taking in washings. Besides taking care of the family she has saved enough so that she has purchased a house and lot worth $2,500. A religious and very philanthropic lady of Z, the same who was interested in VI 459, has spent a great deal of time and effort upon this woman and has succeeded to a great extent in inducing her to attend church and to lead a social life.

294  

Olympia and Julius had three children: a son, VI 377, a laborer by occupation, slow in school, lazy, vicious, and always in trouble, now married and with one small child; a son, VI 378, like his brother, except that he is a telegraph operator and unmarried; a daughter, VI 379, a plodder, who made good use of her time in school, and is now a stenographer and reputable.

295  

V 149, brother of Olympia, died young.

296  

Hattie, V 150, now 40, was very slow in school. She went to work young and has always borne herself well. She married an industrious steady man and they have one boy, who at 13 is doing average work in school, and has good social traits.

297  

Samantha, V 152, sister of Hattie, was born in 1878. She is remembered by her teachers as being very slow and incapable in school. She married, when young, a cousin, VI 1015, a descendant of Effie, ignorant and intemperate at times, who, although a steady worker, is able to earn but small wages. Samantha takes in 10 to 12 washings a week. The two older children also work. In spite of all these sources of revenue the family is almost destitute, because the parents are unable to spend intelligently and with foresight.

298  

Samantha had eight legitimate children: VI 381, now 18, as a girl mentally slow and unable to retain facts, a harlot, now employed in a cigar factory; VI 382, a boy, "cranky," indolent, with some mental ability but with little desire to use it, and now working as an errand boy in a store; VI 383, a boy, cross-eyed, trying hard to do fair work in school; a girl, VI 384, now 11, who is a good worker in school, being in grade 4, and who has a quiet disposition; VI 385, a boy, now 10, a thin, pale-faced, anemic child who can not learn to read or to retain well, although he does number work fairly accurately; VI 386, a boy, now 7, doing well in grade 2 in school; and two children under 5, both neglected.

299  

Paul, V 153, the last child of Aba and Lorena, is intemperate, but a steady worker as a farm-hand. He married Irene, V 154, and had two children, but has left his family and does not support them.

300  

Abe's brother Aaron, III 3, a son of Ada, also married a cousin, Daphne, III 38, a descendant of Delia. Aaron, according to Dugdale, was a "farm laborer; at 26, soldier, 1812; somewhat industrious; acquired 14 acres of land; willed it to his children; temperate; father of a bastard before marriage; received a U.S. pension; 1874, outdoor relief, 1 year." Daphne was healthy, industrious, of good repute, and died of old age in the year 1867. They had seven children: Aubrey, Annie, Angeline, Alaric, and three still-born children.

301  

Aubrey, IV 28, the first, was a laborer and industrious. At 26 he was the father of a bastard boy by his cousin Maxine, IV 22, already described on page 19. He then married Odessa, IV 27, a woman of good reputation, but shrewish and a poor housekeeper. They had ten children: Nancy, Matilda, Lydia, Fritz, Penelope, Roxanna, Minnie, Hiram, Hal, and one who died in infancy.

302  

Nancy, V 156, born in 1855, has never attended school, and can neither read nor write. At 13 she had "brain fever resulting in St. Vitus dance," but she outgrew this. At 15 she married Leroy, V 155, a cousin in the out blood. Nancy has always worked hard and is neat and clean in her housekeeping. She has fair intelligence and has always borne a good reputation. She is very patient with and devoted to her ill-tempered, drunken husband. Leroy can neither read nor write. He was a soldier in the Civil War, lost one arm during it, and is now receiving a pension of $40 a month. He owns a small farm, but it is unproductive and he has always been too lazy to attempt to make use of it. He is deceitful, very intemperate, and now bed-ridden. When excited he stutters. Nancy had twelve children, six of whom died in infancy.

303  

VI 392, the oldest child of Nancy and Leroy, is a hard worker, keen in business affairs, and good at driving a bargain. In summer she hawks vegetables raised on her husband's farm. Her temper is seldom disturbed, but when aroused it is ungovernable. This temper appears to a greater or less degree in all of her children. When quite young she married VI 391, who worked hard, acquired a farm, and is now putting money into the bank. Their oldest child died in infancy. The next, VII 361, works hard at home and is self-denying. She is somewhat shy and her voice is thick. The next, VII 362, did not do very well in school, but is a well-behaved boy and now works on his father's farm. The fourth, VII 363, while not doing well in school, has a good business head and is very capable. He can not say "G" or "St" and when excited stutters very much. VII 364, now 17, was an average pupil in school and is well spoken of in the community. She was born and reared within a mile of the original Juke country, though not directly in the five-lake region described by Dugdale. VII 365, now 12, is a very nervous child. When crossed or spoken to severely she laughs hysterically. She is retarded 3 years in school and does poor work, except when treated with the utmost patience and kindness. The next younger child, VII 366, is in grade 3 at 10 years and works well under kind treatment. Her teachers say "she takes her temper out in crying." She does not exhibit as much speech defect as her older sister, VII 365. Of the three youngest children, one has a speech defect and an ungovernable temper.

304  

The next daughter of Nancy and Leroy, VI 394, can read but not write and has attended school but a very short period. She married very young and has lived an uneventful life, having three boys, two of average and one slightly below average mental ability.

305  

The first son of Nancy, VI 395, stutters very badly. He is a laborer and very ignorant. He married and has one child who also has a speech defect and is left-handed, mentally he is quite acute.

306  

The second son, VI 398, has had quite a varied career. He stuttered very much as a youth, but has outgrown it. He played "hookey" so much at school that his teachers could make nothing of him. He has a pleasant disposition and is quite talkative. His marriage relations have been many. His first wife was a divorced woman and he in turn divorced her when he discovered that she was having immoral relations with negroes. This happened when he was 23. He then enlisted in the Spanish-American war. At 27 he married again and this wife died of Bright's disease. Although he was forced into his third matrimonial venture by the birth of a bastard boy, this marriage proved to be a fortunate one. He and his wife, although she had two other bastards previous to this, are well mated and with care and economy are providing a good home on his $10 a week.

307  

The last two sons of Nancy, VI 406 and VI 407, are now in their twenties and are both stutterers. They work when they feel so inclined, which is seldom. Although both have attended school, little progress was made by either. This lack of progress was due to a low state of mental development.

308  

Matilda, V 157, the second child of Aubrey and Odessa, was a harlot before her marriage to her cousin Ez, V 407, a descendant of Effie. She is unable to read and write and is now mentally inactive. Her disposition is shrewish and she is a continual faultfinder. She is filthy in appearance and her house is no cleaner than herself. This woman has many of the traits of the older Jukes. Her husband, Ez, apparently at one time was quite industrious, for he acquired a house and 1-acre lot. Now he says, "I suffer from heart trouble and am unable to work." He takes life as it comes and receives help from the town with apparent reluctance. Their three children are all girls.

309  

The first, VI 410, was, born in 1875. She was mentally inactive, causationless, and a slattern. Before her marriage she was very immoral and married VI 409, a degenerate of the lowest type, who was a son of Lisle, V 195, by another mating. Their five children, all mental defectives, were brought up in squalor, ignorance, and depravity. She has always been intemperate and at the age of 37 died suddenly while in a drunken stupor.

310  

In contrast to this one is her sister, VI 412, who has always borne a good reputation and though very poor has tried to do her best by her family. She is of a much higher order of intelligence than her sister, is married, and has two small children.

311  

Her youngest sister, VI 413, was capable of doing average school work, but was too lazy to apply herself. She cares little about her personal appearance and has been a harlot, both before and after marriage. She married a cousin, VI 519, a descendant of Effie, by whom she had one child who died young. She is now easy-going, lives from hand to mouth, and cares little what the future may bring her.

312  

Lydia, V 158, Matilda's sister, was rather active physically and mentally compared with Matilda. She had a sharp tongue, was suspicious and keen in her daily dealings. A harlot before marriage, she married a distant cousin, Webster, V 308, of Delia blood, who afterward became blind. Webster and Lydia kept a small grocery store for many years in Z. Lydia could read and write, but was otherwise ignorant and her power of reasoning was below the average. At the age of 53 she shot herself and died instantly. Her death was followed in a short time by that of Webster, and VI 417, their daughter, is now running the store.

313  

The oldest child of Lydia, VI 415, died soon after marriage, following an operation on her throat.

314  

The second child, VI 417, was considered an average child in school; she married, but her husband soon died. Her second husband is a lazy ne'er-do-well. By her first marriage she had two children, one of whom died. Since her second marriage she has worked in a factory and is now running the store to support the family.

315  

The youngest child of Lydia, VI 419, was, as the teacher expressed it, "average but slow" in school. She then went to work in a cigar factory, where she earned $5 a week. She married at 21 and has three children.

316  

Fritz, V 159, a brother of Lydia and Matilda, born 1862, never had any schooling, but by working hard and saving has acquired a little property and a savings-bank account. Fritz married, consanguineously, VI 610, a descendant of Bell, Clara, and Delia Juke, and a woman of good reputation but not as intelligent as he. They had two sons, both of whom have become telegraph operators and have done well in their business. One of the boys, VI 422, is the father of an illegitimate child and left town to avoid trouble.

317  

Penelope, V 161, sister of Fritz, had a bastard child which was accidentally drowned at the same time as Aubrey, Odessa, Hiram, Hal (the latter being the two brothers of Penelope), and a neighbor's child. Penelope then married an inefficient alcoholic and had two children, a boy and a girl, both slightly below the average mentally, but both industrious. Penelope and her husband are now both dead.

318  

Roxanna, V 163, sister of Penelope, is another one of the Jukes who was pointed out to the writer as one of the "old-time Jukes." She lives in Z, a small city. This woman, who was a harlot before marriage, has a generally pleasant disposition, but occasionally is very irascible. She married an intemperate laborer who was industrious at times, Moses, V 164, who came from a higher family mentally than herself. She has had him arrested several times for non-support, but many think these arrests were part of her irascible nature and that there was little if any ground for them. For many years she has run a small grocery and candy store in the basement of her home, while the upper part of the house has been used for purposes of prostitution. They have been arrested for the latter business, but were never sentenced. While Moses was, supposedly, under the influence of liquor he was killed by a fast train several years ago. Roxanna had two sons, VI 428, a boatman who has cohabited with a married woman living apart from her husband, and VI 429. The latter's wife died at childbirth. Both of these boys are steady workers, but the moral example of their parents has done them more harm than good.

319  

Minnie, V 165, born 1870, more intelligent and better educated than any of her brothers or sisters, married at the age of 17. She has a pleasant disposition and is careful and neat about her person and house. She had four children, only one of whom is living, a sturdy but mentally dull boy. Her husband, Isaiah, V 166, a steamboat engineer, left her some years ago and she is now cohabiting with another man. Minnie had one sister, V 167, who died in infancy, and two younger brothers, Hiram and Hal, who were drowned as mentioned above.

320  

Returning again to our main line, let us consider Angeline (b. 1833), sister of Aubrey, IV 28, son of Aaron. She is described by Dugdale as follows: "Insane tendency; husband beat her; assault and battery, county jail, 90 days; first husband killed morning after marriage; at 36, melancholic; at 41, suicide." She married an habitual drunkard who was also a pauper. They had one son, of whom nothing is known.

321  

Alaric, IV 37, born 1835, brother of Angeline, was a "laborer; lazy; 1857, outdoor relief, 1 year; 1864, outdoor relief, 2 years." He enlisted in the Civil War and now receives a pension of a dollar a day. He owns a small place in Z, is cross and cranky, but takes good care of his wife Bernice, V 245, who has been blind for 40 years. Bernice is a descendant of Bell, Clara, and Delia Juke, and is a typical person of that blood, both in appearance and behavior. She is ignorant and superstitious and has no children.

322  

Annie, IV 32, sister of Angeline, was born in 1829. She bad one illegitimate child by Sanford, IV 30. She then married, but her husband was killed while committing a bank robbery. She cohabited with Gilead, IV 33, who had been sent to State prison for 3 years for burglary in the third degree. She had one child by Gilead, Walt, V 172, who is semi-industrious but intemperate. He married consanguineously, Catherine, V 290, who died leaving no children. He then married her sister Celia, V 294, but is not living with her at the present time. After Gilead's death Annie went to live with another man.

323  

Sarah, V 171, Annie's daughter, was born in 1843. She had never any schooling or desire to broaden herself by study, has a defective make-up, is a "typical Juke." At times she is intemperate. She works only when disposed to and as a result does not accomplish much. Her house is kept in a neat condition, but her personal appearance is far from being so. Her husband, Franklin, V 170, has always been a steady worker, but he puts the money he earns into wild-cat schemes and therefore is very poor. Several years ago he built a small house which still remains unpainted. He is temperate and bears a fair reputation in the community. Soon after marriage Franklin and Sarah moved from the Juke region to a small manufacturing city in a neighboring State, where they still live. The children of this couple who grew up are now described.

324  

The first, VI 438, now 45, did average work as a pupil in school, but soon after leaving became a clandestine prostitute. This career was closed with her marriage at 17 to VI 437, a man of energy and push. She is fat, humorous, and jovial, is capable and makes a good wife. Three of the eight children born to her and her husband died in infancy, two are well married, two boys are in school and, though mentally slow, are doing fair work, and one child is still young.

325  

VI 440, the second living child of Sarah, although a steady worker, is continually moving here and there and so has never accumulated anything. He is now rather poor, is married and has three children: a boy, VII 408, mentally deficient, and a typical "street tough"; a girl, VII 409, rather refined, quiet, and honest; a boy, VII 410, half way between the two in character.

326  

The third living child of Sarah, VI 443, was capable in school but a harlot before marriage. She is now a hard worker and very neat, and bears a good reputation. By her first husband she had two children who are bright, intelligent, well brought up, and of good character. She has had two other marital experiences.

327  

VI 447, son of Sarah, now 31, was an average pupil in school, went into an office, and is now a traveling salesman with a good position. He is married, and his one child, now 10, is a neat, well-behaved, capable girl.

328  

The next in this group, VI 449, is not as "smart" as the others, but is a steady-going man and tries hard to get along. He married an intelligent, tidy, capable woman and has two children: a girl, aged 7, who is ataxic and mentally confused, and a boy, aged 5, normal physically.

329  

The last in the family under description is VI 451, and he resembles the old Jukes in caliber. He is intemperate, a wanderer, and only semi-industrious; is married, but has left his wife.

330  

Here an out marriage and a new environment many miles from the old Juke country are producing a new type of people - for the most part energetic and capable, both physically and mentally. Three out of these six children of Franklin and, Sarah are socially fit. Of the other three, one has two undesirable children; another has one; and the third has no descendants.

331  

Ada's third legitimate child was Aurora, III 4. Aurora was a "harlot; not industrious; healthy; temperate; 1835, poorhouse, 1 year; child born; dead." She married Gerald, III 5, a "laborer; mulatto; licentious, lazy; no property; 1830, county jail; syphilis." The mating produced nine children: Alan; Anna Maria, IV 39, whose descendants will be described under Effie Juke; Austin; Adolph IV 42, "laborer; octoroon; 1835, poorhouse, 1 year; lazy; licentious; intemperate"; Abby, IV 44, octoroon, who married a mulatto; Anna, IV 46, "harlot; born 1822; at 35, widow with 4 children, outdoor relief, 2 years; dead"; Asa, IV 49, "laborer; syphilis; licentious, lazy; at 2, poorhouse, 1 year; 7, poorhouse, 1 year; 46, outdoor relief, 1 year, intemperate"; married and had two girls, both of whom died in infancy; IV 51, "at 1, poorhouse, died young"; and Abner, IV 52, "1835, born in poorhouse; fate unknown."

332  

Alan and his brother Austin married, consanguineously, two sisters, Ellen and Elsie, two descendants of Effie Juke. Alan, IV 38, was licentious. From 1840 to 1863 he received much help from the town. In 1853 he was convicted of assault and sent to the county jail. When seen by the investigator he was an old man of 95, was short and fat, and had many bodily ailments which he commented upon. He was mentally deteriorated and, though a great talker, could remember but little of his recent past. He was ignorant and superstitious. Although he was somewhat deaf, his eyesight was good. He received a soldier's pension and owned a house and small farm which his son Riley worked. He died of apoplexy at the age of 95. Although given by Dugdale as an octoroon, I could see little evidence of negro blood in him. He had rather the features of an Indian. His wife, Ellen, IV 165, was a harlot and kept a brothel. She was lazy and acquired epilepsy.

333  

Alan and Ellen had eight legitimate, and Ellen two bastard children. The legitimate children were: Henrietta, Gilbert, Riley, Roland, Mary Jane, Hetty, Reuben, and Ulysses. The illegitimate were Hepsy and Helena.

334  

Henrietta, V 176, is described by Dugdale as follows: "Harlot; kept brothel; at 21, disorderly house, county jail, 2 days; 29, outdoor relief, 2 years; 33, outdoor relief, 1 year; 1869, died." She married Owen, V 175, a member of a mentally weak family. Henrietta had two children, a boy and a girl, both probably illegitimate.

335  

VI 455, the son, married and went away from the Juke region into a large city and has disappeared.

336  

VI 457, the girl, became a harlot and later cohabited with VI 458, an itinerant horse doctor. He was intemperate, has been in the county jail, and, at the age of 58, was in the poorhouse afflicted with rheumatism. This couple had two girls, both prostitutes, and also seven children who died in infancy. One of these girls, VII 423, a woman of fair intelligence and quiet manner, had a child by a man with whom she lived. After he was blown to pieces in an accident, she went to live with and now has married a rather industrious, steady man.

337  

Hepsy, V 178, the second child of Ellen, was illegitimate, and she in turn had a bastard girl, VI 459, and after this went to live with Nathaniel, V 179. Neither he nor she had ever had any schooling and were very ignorant. They tramped the roads begging and stealing what they could and were both very intemperate. It was a common sight formerly to see the couple staggering along the roads trying to sell baskets which they had made. They received much help from the town as well as from private individuals. Nathaniel was convicted of petit larceny at one time and sent to jail. The couple lived in a hovel for many years until 1903, when they went to the poorhouse for a year. They were in and out of the poorhouse during the next few years and Hepsy died there at the age of 65, but Nathaniel did not die until 2 years later, at the home of one of his children. They had six bastard children: three died young, and two girls and one boy grew up.

338  

VI 459, the first child of Hepsy, was born in 1858. At 16 she was sent to the House of Refuge for disorderly conduct and prostitution. She was placed with a very refined family in Z after discharge. In spite of the fact that after this she had a bastard child which died, the influence of these people has been good. At 18 she married and had ten children, the first two of whom died young. From the time of her marriage until the present day she has tried to do well. She has worked hard and, in the face of misfortunes which would have discouraged many another person, has put all of her children through school, and all eight are now industrious, refined, and ambitious children. She is quiet-spoken, neat, and refined. Some years ago the house in which she lived was burned, but she immediately started out again undaunted. Her husband, VI 460, a newspaper reporter and collector, had forged notes and stolen money. He was very egotistical and a great talker, very erotic, and mixed up at one time with some indecent publications. He has never been able to hold any position long and has always made poor and irregular wages.

339  

In decided contrast to VI 459 is her half sister, VI 465. The latter was born and brought up in a home where harlotry and poverty were ever present. This woman never had any of the refining and uplifting influences of a good home presented to her. She can read and write a little, but otherwise is densely ignorant. When young she went to live with VI 464, later marrying him in order to receive her soldier's widow's pension after his death. This man was 62 when he first cohabited with VI 465, who was then 17, and was descended from a respectable family. He was ignorant and slightly intemperate, but always paid his bills. He had been a soldier in the Civil War and received a pension almost large enough to support him and his family. They had six children, four of whom matured.

340  

VII 440, the oldest, is untrained and makes a poor living as a laborer.

341  

The second, VII 441, now 21, married very young an inefficient, criminal man and has several small children. She is a shy, ignorant, causationless girl.

342  

The third and fourth children died young.

343  

The last two legitimate children, VII 445 and VII 446, are still in school and, although retarded several years, are doing fairly well.

344  

After her husband's death, VI 465 became a harlot and acquired syphilis, which she not only entailed on her children, but spread to many others. During this period, she had three illegitimate children who died from neglect and syphilis. She then transferred her affections to VI 466, a neighbor. This man has an epileptic wife whom he ties to a chair when he wishes to leave the place. VI 465 has one bastard girl, VII 448, by this man. This child is now syphilitic. For the past 4 years this family lived in a barn, one half used for pigs, the other for the family.

345  

VI 467, sister of the foregoing, is a woman of more intelligence and ability. She is quite proud and refuses to own relationship with the more degenerate member of the family. She is married and has four children, average in school ability and now working in factories.

346  

VI 470, the youngest child of Nathaniel and Hepsy, is a coachman by occupation. He has a retiring nature and is a steady worker, is married, and has one son, now 13, who is in grade 3 at school.

347  

Returning to the main line, we take up Gilbert, V 180, son of Alan. He was a ne'er-do-well and never had any schooling. Upon his return from the Civil War he lived with a cousin, Esther, V 399, of Effie blood. This couple received help from the town for 3 years, and a daughter who died was buried by the town. Esther died and Gilbert then cohabited with Ion, V 325, another cousin. Ion, a descendant of Delia, had been married before and had two children living. Gilbert and Ion were very poor, lived from hand to mouth, and received much help from the town.

348  

VI 472 was an illegitimate son of Gilbert and Ion. He was semi-industrious, mentally deficient, ignorant, and tubercular. He married VI 473, more capable and active mentally than himself. He eventually died of tuberculosis, but not until they had had six children. His wife then became a prostitute and associated with very dissolute persons in Z, where she was then living. She was arrested and convicted of disorderly conduct, but sentence was suspended on condition that she leave town, which, however, she did not do. She placed three of her children in an orphan asylum at this time and kept one with her (two were dead). The oldest living child of VI 473, VII 458, after being in the Children's Home for some time, was placed with a cousin. At the age of 14 she is a shy, quiet, retiring child, much afraid of her foster parents. She has attended school but little. VI 473 now has her three children home with her and all of them are doing average work in the schools. The family has received help from the town and with what the mother earns by washing is not in want.

349  

Gilbert's brothers, Riley, V 182, and Roland, V 184, are both semi-industrious and easy-going. Each has acquired a little property and has married, but they have no children.

350  

Mary Jane, V 186, the next child of Alan and sister to Gilbert, is now 64 years of age. She was a prostitute in her mother's brothel when young. She soon secured a common law "husband" with whom she lived for 40 years. She is a hard-working woman and, by care and foresight, has provided herself with a good home, which she owns. A few years ago she had a paralytic shock and now exhibits a marked mental defect. Jesse, V 187, her husband, has had the same position as a teamster for many years. One of their three children is a chauffeur and is doing well, while the two girls were married several times, but otherwise little is known of them.

351  

Helena, V 188, was the next child of Ellen and was illegitimate. She was a harlot and had an illegitimate child, VI 482, who in turn became a harlot. Helena is dead; it is not known where her daughter lives.

352  

Hetty, V 190, is the next daughter of Ellen. This person is not mentioned by Dugdale, although she was older than her brothers Reuben and Ulysses, who are mentioned by him. Hetty was born in 1853. She has never had any schooling and, though now not mentally active, she has a great deal of self-respect and has tried always to do well. Her husband Joseph, V 191, can neither read nor write, but is one of the best brick-burners up and down the river. Notwithstanding this he receives small wages and these irregularly. He tries to be a decent citizen.

353  

Joseph and Hetty had twelve children. The first, VI 484, is a laborer in a brickyard and has acquired a little property. His only daughter, VII 469, now 16 years of age, was very "stupid" in school and incapable of learning. She is now immoral.

354  

VI 485, the next child of Hetty, was incapable of doing average grade work in school. She left to go into the cigar factory, where she remained until she married. She is capable in house matters, and is bringing up her children well. Her husband, VI 486, is a laborer and earns fair wages. VII 470, aged 13, the only one of the children old enough to attend school, is in grade 6 B. She is mentally incapable of doing average work. She tries hard, but is unable to keep up with those of her own age.

355  

The third and sixth children of Hetty died young.

356  

The next child of Hetty, VI 488, was more capable in school than her next older sister, but after leaving and while working in the cigar factory was a harlot. She married VI 489, a teamster and a good worker, but sometimes intemperate. They had two children: the older, a girl, is at 14 in grade 6 at school, and although retarded in years is doing good work; the other, a boy, VII 475, is not doing as well in school.

357  

VI 490, the fifth child of Hetty, was in service, became pregnant, and died soon after childbirth, leaving one child, VII 477, who is now with her grandmother, Hetty. This child, who is neat and quiet in appearance, is mentally slow and can not learn in school. Her father was reputed to have been an alcoholic.

358  

The next in this fraternity, VI 493, died at the age of 21 of tuberculosis.

359  

The eighth, VI 494, born 1886, was a harlot and worked in a factory until she was 22, when she married. She has now become reputable and has two young children.

360  

VI 496 was not very "bright" in school. At 18 he married a girl of 15. He is a hustler and makes sometimes as much as $30 a week. He has two young children.

361  

VI 498, now 23, was the next child of Hetty and Joseph. She was not inclined towards books, worked in factories, is reputed to have been immoral, and has recently married.

362  

The next child, VI 500, was incapable of doing average school work and soon went to work in a factory. She, too, is married.

363  

The last child of Hetty, VI 502, is a neat, quiet-actioned child. She is now at the age of 15 in grade 6 in school and is unable to progress further, as she can not reason for herself. She tries hard to get along.

364  

Reuben, V 193, a brother of Hetty and son of Alan, was born in 1857. He is spoken of by his teachers as having been mentally dull and slow. He is a farm laborer and has never been able to keep a position any length of time. He has wandered here and there wherever he thought he might secure work. He has never accumulated anything. He has a quiet, retiring disposition. His wife, Mamie, V 192, comes from a family much higher mentally than Reuben's. Her father was a dentist and was intelligent and bore a good reputation in the community in which he lived. She has two brothers, storekeepers, and one brother who is alcoholic. Mamie is energetic, capable, and has brought up her children well. She has three girls and one boy matured and living. The three girls attended country school and did average work. They are now neat, quiet, and refined in appearance.

365  

The oldest, VI 504, is rather reticent, but holds herself well. She is married to an artisan and has one child, VII 482, aged 14, who is accurate and careful, though slow in her school work.

366  

VI 506, the next child of Reuben and Mamie, was slip-shod, but worked regularly and tried to do well by his family. He has two young children living; both do very well in school. He is now dead.

367  

Reuben's third child, VI 507, is more active and forward than her older sister. She married a prosperous farmer and they have three children of good mental ability.

368  

The next son of Reuben, VI 509, is an uneducated, steady-going farm-hand and is doing well.

369  

The last child of Reuben, VI 511, has always borne a good reputation, is mentally and physically active; she married a farmer and has two small children.

370  

Ulysses, V 194, the last child of Alan and Ellen, is a semi-efficient, ignorant, intemperate, licentious man. He works "by spells" and has always been poor. He is supposed to have been married to Lisle, V 195, who, before she met Ulysses, was married and had several children. Among these children was VI 409, who married into Ada blood as described on page 22. Although reputed to have been married to Ulysses, exact confirmation of this could not be secured. She is a descendant of a family noted for its thieves and prostitutes. She was mentally much stronger than Ulysses, but was lazy and cared little about her personal appearance or that of her children. She is now dead, and Ulysses lives in squalor, filth, and poverty with his daughter, VI 513. Ulysses has been arrested several times for minor offenses. At 19 he was sent to jail for 30 days for assault and battery; at 30 he was fined 35 for assault while intoxicated. In 1909, in company with other Jukes, he was sent to jail for 5 days for using indecent language. Ulysses and Lisle had seven children.

371  

The first, VI 513, born 1885, was very deficient in school work. At 15, on the charge of being a prostitute, she was sent to the State Training School for Girls. Soon after being discharged from the institution, she married a second cousin, VI 867, of Effie blood. They had two sons who survived infancy. One, VII 492, is doing very well in school, and is a bright, quick-acting boy. VI 513 and her husband have separated and she is now cohabiting with VII 21, the widower of VII 20, of Ada blood. She is slovenly and lazy; a slattern. She is now keeping house for her father and the house is in a very dirty and neglected condition.

372  

VI 515, her sister, is much similar to her mentally. She has always been a prostitute and is now cohabiting.

373  

The third child of Ulysses, VI 517, born 1888, was very "stupid" in school and almost incapable of learning anything. At the age of 20 he cohabited for some time with a girl of 17, who left him. At 22 he was sent to jail for 5 days for fighting with his half brother, VI 409, both being drunk at the time. For the past 3 years he has been living with a woman, VI 518, and her three children on a canal boat. This woman left her husband, who provided her with a good home, to be with this man, who can earn barely enough for feeding, to say nothing of clothing, a family.

374  

VI 519, also, was unable to learn in school and is now a semi-efficient laborer. He is intemperate and very poor. He married his cousin, VI 413, as described on page 22.

375  

The two youngest sons of Ulysses, VI 520 and VI 522, are both married. They are of the same type mentally as their older brothers and so no description is necessary.

376  

We will now take up the description of Alan's brother, Austin, IV 40, and his offspring, a group as uniformly deficient and undesirable as can be found in the whole Juke family. Austin was born in l8ll. He is reported by Dugdale as a quadroon. An old man who knew him well described him as "honest and fair-minded but undeveloped." He had a "likeable disposition." He was temperate, a steady worker in a brickyard, but was always very poor. He married a cousin, Elsie, IV 166, sister to Ellen, who married Austin's brother, Alan. At 52 Austin enlisted in the Civil War and later received $1,000 bounty money, which he soon lost. At 57 he was in the county jail 7 days for vagrancy. He could neither read nor write and died poor at the age of 93. His wife, Elsie, was born about 1813. She was a harlot before marriage and had a bastard son, Ephan, V 414, born by the roadside in 1828. Ephan and his descendants are described on pages 3 and 45. Six years later Elsie had another bastard, Everett, V 416. He was a basket-maker and, though the records show he was receiving much outdoor relief, at them same time he was acquiring property. He married Marcia, IV 93, but died without posterity. Elsie married Austin about 1843. In the following 25 years this couple received much outdoor relief from the town. Elsie was spoken of by Dudgale as licentious and vagrant. She was also a harlot after marriage and was very ignorant. This pair had four legitimate children: Inez, Jonas, Mick, and Vergil.

377  

Inez, V 197, born 1844, has been a harlot nearly all her life. She acquired syphilis, which she transmitted to Napoleon, V 196, her first consort, by whom she had one bastard child. Napoleon deserted her before the child was born and she and her child wandered around the country for several years, begging here and there. She did well at housework, but her bad habits precluded her holding a position for any length of time. At the age of 41 she had a bastard child by a man with whom she had been living for several years. Inez can read and write, has a good memory, and is mentally rather acute. She is a great talker, but her mind runs to nothing but vulgarity. She has always been very poor and is even now asking for help from the Charity Organization. The first son of Inez, VI 526, was born in 1868. He inherited syphilis from his mother. He is a lazy, ignorant, inefficient man. He is a laborer, but is employed only a small part of the time. He lived for some years with VI 525, who previously was married to his cousin, VI 531; one selling her to the other for a pint of whisky and 50 cents. The new consort and VI 526 lived together for some years and had six children. The woman then deserted her children, leaving them to starve for several days, when they were found by the poormaster. She acquired syphilis from her consort and was operated on for uterine and ovarian disease following it. She is now cohabiting with VII 617 of Delia blood. Her five living illegitimate children are as follows:

378  

The first, VII 495, now 15, was sent to the Children's Home at 11 years with her four brothers and sisters. In school at the Home she was dull and could not learn. At housework, a thing she could do with her hands, she was very capable. She is a well-behaved child and has now been placed in a private home.

379  

The second, VII 497, aged 12, did average work in school and also is well behaved. She has also been placed out.

380  

The third, VII 498, aged 10, gave a mental age of 8 by the Binet test at 8 years of age. He is very shy and slow in actions.

381  

The fourth, VII 499, now 8, tested mentally 6 by the Binet test at 6 years of age.

382  

The fifth, VII 500, now 6, was nearly frozen to death at the age of 2 when the children were deserted by the mother. Following that she was unable to walk for some time.

383  

The cost to the town and society for the support of these five children in the Children's Home for the year 1911-12 was $701. As these children are gradually being placed in free homes, the cost lessens, but the total expense to the town for the care and support of these children has been to date approximately $1,800.

384  

VI 527, the other child of Inez, was born in 1885. He is ignorant and mentally undeveloped. He is a good worker, but otherwise slow and unable to comprehend matters. He acquired syphilis from his mother, is licentious, and in 1912 was arrested in company with VII 24 for disorderly conduct. The latter charged bastardy on him, although another was reputed to have been the father of the child. The court's case was dropped when he consented to marry the girl. The child was born later. The two are now living with his mother, Inez, and, needless to say, are in dire poverty.

385  

Jonas, V 200, the brother of Inez, was an ignorant, licentious wanderer. He cohabited for a short period with Rhoda, V 199, a sister of Leroy, who married Mercy, V 156, of Ada blood. This girl became pregnant and they had one child, VI 528, who died of tuberculosis at the age of 17. The mother died soon after the birth of the child and Jonas then married Etta, V 387, his first cousin. She had a better mental capacity and was more active than Jonas, but in spite of that was a wanderer, semi-industrious, and licentious. She had a bastard child before marriage. This child died young. V 387 had two legitimate children by Jonas, both boys.

386  

The first, VI 529, can neither read nor write and is mentally defective--an imbecile. At the age of 33 he broke into a store and was sent to State prison for 4 years and 7 months for burglary. He lived with VI 530, a member of a degenerate family. These two were beggars, wandering here and there over the country, stealing what they could not get by begging. Both were intemperate. The woman frequented houses of prostitution and submitted to unnatural practices. One night, when she left the brothel to go to her hovel home in the mountains near by, she was in an intoxicated condition. The next morning she was found frozen to death by the roadside. Just previous to this her "man" had been sent to jail for 60 days for vagrancy.

387  

VII 504, the second child of this couple, frequented houses of prostitution with her mother. She was arrested, sent to a reformatory for women, but was returned as being of too low a grade mentally to be benefited by that institution. Upon this she was sent, at the age of 18, to the Custodial Asylum for Feeble-minded Women. She is costing the State of New York $125 a year for her support in this institution.

388  

The oldest child, VII 502, is now 26 years of age and is a mentally defective prostitute who has for years frequented brothels. Recently she tried to secure a license to marry her uncle, VI 531, although he has one legal and one common-law wife living. The license was refused, not on the grounds that both parties were feeble-minded and closely related to each other, but because of the man's previous marriage. VI 529 had two other children, who died young.

389  

VI 531, the second offspring of the consanguineous mating of Jonas and Etta, was born in 1875. He is called "Lazy Bob." When a young fellow he was sent to a reformatory for burglary. He married VI 525, but sold his wife to his cousin, as described before. He then lived for 11 years with a cousin, VII 19, having four children by her, described previously under Ada. He received much help from the town during the time he lived with this last woman. He has also been arrested several times for minor offenses and sent to jail. Since he separated from the last consort he has wandered here and there, working as a farm laborer and a stonecutter. He has recently attempted to marry his own niece. He is very intemperate.

390  

Mick, V 202, a brother of Inez and Jonas, was born in 1845. His home, as found by the investigator, is the cabin of an old canal barge, removed from the boat and placed on the edge of a river about 30 feet from its bank. It rests only about 2 feet above the water-line. It is about 9 feet wide and 25 feet long. One enters through a doorway at one end by descending several steps and at the same time bending double in order to clear the low door-opening. Another door immediately opens into the house proper, which consists of two rooms, living room and bedroom. There are several small windows in the living room. Besides a wall table and miserable stove, there are two or three dilapidated chairs. The bedroom has no windows, but is lighted from the living room. There are two bunks, one above the other, in ship fashion. Upon the investigator's first visit to this place, after entering, he inquired of a dirty barefoot hag who conducted him in, where Mick was. A gruff voice from the top bunk answered, "Here I am, what do you want?" After accustoming himself to the darkness of the bedroom, the writer perceived a large, husky man with a heavy beard, lying in the bunk, fully dressed, and smoking a pipe. He was very grandiloquent in his actions and to the writer's great amusement at first denied relationship to his sister Inez, who had told all about him only the day before. He said his father and mother were a Mr. and Mrs. "Q," and mentioned a name high in the social life of the county. When questioned minutely about Inez he said, "Oh, she's some relation to me!" At 25 years of age Mick lived for some time with Vera, V 201, a harlot, who ran away from him. He then consorted with a distant cousin, Libby, V 335. This mating was brief, as Libby died of childbirth with her first child. His present mate is Hulda, V 203, a member of a fairly respectable family. At one time Hulda bore a good reputation, but since she has lived with Mick she has degenerated into a careless, filthy, foul-mouthed individual. When seen she was dressed in a single wrapper; her feet were bare and frightfully dirty. Mick and Hulda have three children.

391  

The first, VI 534, ignorant and untrained, is married to a feeble-minded woman and has two small children. He works at anything that may come his way and is very poor.

392  

The second, VI 535, lives at home with his parents and goes fishing when the mood takes him. He is unmarried and "supports" his parents. He is also mentally deficient.

393  

The third, VI 536, was a mentally defective harlot, but is now married and has two small children.

394  

Vergil, V 204, the last child of Austin and brother to Mick, was reported by Dugdale as being a "very bad boy." After he grew up he seems to have been less vicious. He was a hard worker but never saved anything; was densely ignorant and "amounted to nothing." He first married Leah Maria, V 333, a sister of Libby who married Mick. Leah Maria had been married previously, but was divorced and had since been a harlot. She was very ignorant. She died of consumption, neglect, and abuse at the age of 38. She left two children: VI 538, a rather industrious, steady, but ignorant boy; and a girl, VI 539, who died of childbirth at the age of 16. After Leah Maria's death, Vergil lived for ten years, until his death, with Jane, V 205, an ignorant, talkative, mentally deficient harlot. Jane and Vergil had two girls and a boy, who now range from 18 to 14, are underfed, anemic, and in want. They are also very deficient mentally. The oldest girl, VI 541, has recently sworn out bastardy charges against a certain man who filed a bond for the child's support.

395  

Ada's fourth and last legitimate child was Aleene, III 6, temperate, but lazy, a harlot, and without property. She married a mulatto, who was a slave, Grant, III 7, but had no children.