Library Collections: Document: Full Text

Some five years ago the Legislature of Massachusetts, at the suggestion of several benevolent gentlemen, whose attention had been turned to the subject, appointed a Commission to inquire into the condition of the idiots of the Commonwealth -- to ascertain their numbers, and whether anything could be done in their behalf.

The commissioners were Dr. Samuel G. Howe, so well and honourably known for his long and arduous labors in behalf of the blind, Judge Byington, and Gilman Kemball.

The burden of the labour fell upon the chairman, who entered upon it with the enthusiasm, perseverance and practical adaptation of means to ends, which have made him so efficient in his varied schemes of benevolence. On the 26th of the 2d month, 1848, a full report of the results of this labour was made to the Governor, accompanied by statistical tables and minute details. One hundred towns had been visited by the chairman or his reliable agent, in which five hundred and seventy five persons in a state of idiocy were discovered. There were examined carefully, in respect to their physical as well as mental condition; no inquiry being omitted which was calculated to throw light upon the remote or immediate causes of this mournful imperfection in the creation of God. The proximate causes Dr. Howe mentions are to be found in the state of the bodily organization -- deranged and disproportioned by some violation of natural law on the part of the parents or remoter ancestors of the sufferers. Out of 420 cases of idiocy, he had obtained information respecting the condition of the progenitors of 359; and in all but four of these cases he found that one or the other, or both of their immediate progenitors had in some way departed widely from the condition of health; they were scrofulous, or predisposed to affections of the brain, and insanity, or had intermarried with blood relations, or had been intemperate, or guilty of sensual excesses.

Of the 575 cases, 420 were those of idiocy from birth, and 155 of idiocy afterwards. Of the born idiots, 187 were under 25 years of age, and all but 13 seemed capable of improvement. Of those above 25 years of age, 73 appeared incapable of improvement in their mental condition, being helpless as children at 7 years of age. Forty-three out of the 420 seemed helpless as children at two years of age, and 33 were in the condition of mere infants. Two hundred and twenty were supported at the public charge in alms-houses. A large proportion of them were found to be given over to filthy and loathsome habits, gluttony and lust, and constantly sinking lower towards the condition of absolute brutishness.

Those in private houses were found, if possible, in a more deplorable state. Their parents were generally poor, feeble in mind and body, and often of very intemperate habits. Many of them seemed scarcely able to take care of themselves, and totally unfit for the training of ordinary children. It is the blind leading the blind; imbecility teaching imbecility. Some instances of the experiments of parental ignorance upon idiotic offspring, which fell under the observation of Dr. Howe, are related in his report. Idiotic children were found with their heads covered over with cold poultices of oak bark, which the foolish parents supposed would tan the brain and harden it, as the tanner does his ox-hides, and so make it capable of retaining impressions and remembering lessons. In other cases, finding that the child could not be made to comprehend anything, the sagacious heads of the household, on the supposition that its brain was too hard, tortured it with hot poultices of bread and milk, to soften it. Others plastered over their children's heads with tar. Some administered strong does of mercury, to "solder up the openings" in the head and make it tight and strong. Others encouraged the savage gluttony of their children, stimulating their unnatural and bestial appetites, on the ground that "the poor creatures had nothing else to enjoy but their food, and they should have enough of that!"

In consequence of this report, the Legislature, in the spring of 1848, made an annual appropriation of $2,500, for three years, for the purpose of training and teaching ten idiot children, to be selected by the Governor and Council. The trustees of the Asylum for the Blind, under the charge of Dr. Howe, made arrangements for receiving these pupils. The school was opened in the autumn of 1848; and its first annual report, addressed to the Governor, and printed by order of the Senate, is now before us.

Of the ten pupils, it appears that not one had the usual command of muscular motion -- the languid body obeyed not the service of the imbecile will. Some could walk and use their limbs and hands in simple motions; others could only make slight use of their muscles, and two were without any power of locomotion.

One of these last, a boy of six years of age, who had been stupefied on the day of his birth by the application of hot rum to his head, could scarcely see or notice objects, and was almost destitute of the sense of touch. He could neither stand nor sit upright, nor even creep, but would lie on the floor in whatever position he was placed. He could not feed himself, nor chew solid food, and had no more sense of decency than an infant. His intellect was a blank; he had no knowledge, no desires, no affections. A more hopeless object for experiment could scarcely have been selected.