Library Collections: Document: Full Text


The Blind And The Deaf, 1900

Creator: Alexander Graham Bell (author)
Date: 1906
Publisher: Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
Source: Available at selected libraries

Page 1   All Pages


Page 1:

1  

THE BLIND.

2  

INTRODUCTION.

3  

This report relates to the blind on June 1, 1900. Before discussing the results of the inquiry, the method pursued in the collection of the data should be explained. Heretofore census statistics of this class have been based upon the complete return, by the regular census enumerators, of all the details concerning each individual enumerated, upon special schedules designed for that purpose, and there has been no means of determining the thoroughness of their canvass or the accuracy of the returns made by them.

4  

At the Twelfth Census, however, a change was made in the plan for securing the returns, and the work of the enumerators was restricted to a brief preliminary return showing only the name, sex, age, post office address, and nature of the existing defects in all persons alleged to be blind or deaf. The form of schedule furnished the enumerators for this purpose, including the instructions and explanations defining the defects mentioned, is as follows:

5  

TWELFTH CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES.

6  

SPECIAL SCHEDULE.

7  

Persons defective in sight, hearing, or speech.

8  

State. Supervisor's District No.
County. Enumeration District No.
Township or other division of county.
Name of incorporated city, town, or village within the above-named division.
Enumerator.

9  

INSTRUCTIONS.

10  

The object of this special schedule is to obtain the name, sex, age, and post office address of all persons who are either blind or deaf (including those who are deaf and dumb).

11  

After completing the enumeration of all the members of a family on Schedule No. 1 (Form 7-224), you will ask whether all the persons just enumerated have good sight and good hearing -- that is, can see well and hear well. For all such persons no further inquiry need be made; but if you find that some member of the family can not see well, you will then ask whether he or she can see well enough to read a book; and should it appear that the sight is so seriously impaired that it is impossible for the person to read a book, even with the aid of glasses, then you will note such person as "Blind," even though, as a matter of fact, he or she may have some slight power of sight.

12  

In the same way, if you find that some member of the family can not hear well, you will then ask whether he or she can hear well enough to understand loud conversation; and should it appear that the hearing is so seriously impaired that the person can not be made to understand what people say, even when they shout, you will note such person as "Deaf," even though, as a matter of fact, he or she may have some slight power of hearing. You will then ask further whether this deaf person can speak; and should it appear that the person can not speak so as to be understood, you will note such persons as "Deaf" and "Dumb," even though, as a matter of fact, he or she may have some slight power of speech.

13  

Only those dumb persons who are deaf as well as dumb are to be noted; so that if you should come across dumb persons who are not deaf, they should not be included nor should the "semi-blind" and those blind only in one eye be reported on this schedule.

14  

For each person reported on this special schedule as blind or deaf you will write on the population schedule (Form 7-224), on the right-hand margin opposite the name of any person defective as above, the letter "B" if the person is blind; the letter "D" if the person is deaf; and the letters "DD" if the person is deaf and dumb. If a person is blind and also deaf, use the letters "BD"; if blind and also deaf and dumb, use the letters "BDD," You will then make the entries called for on this special schedule, in columns 1 to 9, according to the following instructions:

15  

In columns 1 and 2 enter the number of the sheet and of the line of the population schedule (Form 7-224) on which the defective person is enumerated, and then copy in columns 3, 4, and 5 the name, sex, and age of the person as originally entered on that schedule.

16  

In column 6 enter the post office address of the person reported as defective; or if the person is a minor, or unable, through disability, to respond to communications by mail, obtain and enter in this column the name and post office address of his or her parent, guardian, or nearest friend, using the two spaces as subdivided by the dotted line. The intent of this inquiry is to secure the name and address of the proper person from whom further information can be obtained by correspondence concerning the blind and deaf persons enumerated.

17  

In columns 7, 8, and 9 note the nature of the disability as follows:

18  

If the person is defective in sight but can hear and speak, write "Blind" in column 7 and ''No" in columns 8 and 9.

19  

If the person is defective in sight and hearing, but can speak, write "Blind" in column 7, "Deaf" in column 8, and "No" in column 9.

20  

If the person is defective in sight, hearing, and speech, write "Blind" in column 7, "Deaf" in column S, and "Dumb" in column 9.

21  

If the person is defective in hearing, but can see and speak, write "No" in column 7, "Deaf" in column 8, and "No" in column 9.


Page 2:

22  

If the person is defective in both hearing and speech, but can see, write "No" in column 7, "Deaf" in column 8, and "Dumb" in column 9.

23  

FROM SCHEDULE NO. 1. -Population.- NAME. DESCRIPTION. POST OFFICE ADDRESS. NATURE OF DISABILITY.
Sheet No. Line No. Enter surname first, then the given name and middle initial, if any. Sex. Age at last birthday. If the person is a minor or unable, through disability, to respond to communications by mail, give the name and address of his or her parent, or guardian, or nearest friend. Defect in sight. Defect in hearing. Defect in speech.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 - - - - - - - -
2 - - - - - - - -
3 - - - - - - - -

24  

These returns supplied the primary information and located the persons alleged to be blind or partially blind, leaving the details to be secured by correspondence with the individuals or their guardians or friends through the medium of a personal schedule of the following form :

25  

TWELFTH CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES.

26  

PERSONAL SCHEDULE.

27  

State
S.D. ... E.D. ...

28  

The blind.

29  

Department of the Interior, Census Office,
Washington, D. C, October 1, 1900.

30  

Dr. Alexander Graham Bell, of Washington, D. C, has been appointed Expert Special Agent of the Census Office, for the preparation of the report on the Deaf and the Blind, authorized and required by an "Act relating to the Twelfth and subsequent censuses," approved February 1, 1900, and he is empowered to conduct in his own name the correspondence relating to this branch of the census inquiry.

31  

All communications and replies to questions asked by him will be held and regarded as strictly confidential, and no use will be made of them which can directly or indirectly injure the persons to whom they relate.

32  

WILLIAM R. MERRIAM,
Director of the Census.

33  

In the return made by a United States census enumerator for the state named above occurs the following entry:

34  

Name of person reported
Post office address
This person is said by the enumerator to be.
Sex; age.

35  

In order to verify the truth of this return, and also to obtain certain additional information regarding the case reported, the person to whom this circular is addressed (or some other person acting for him or her) is respectfully requested to write in the blank spaces below answers to the following printed questions.

36  

The circular, when so filled, should be forwarded to the Census Office, at Washington, in the inclosed envelope addressed to Doctor Bell, which requires no postage stamp, but will be transmitted through the mails free of charge. An immediate reply is earnestly desired.

37  

(1) Is the person named above blind?.... (Write "Yes" or "No," as the case may be.)

38  

(2) Is the blindness total or partial?... Is he (or she) blind in one eye or in both?... Can he see to read?... Can he recognize persons or objects by the eye?... Can he go about the neighborhood without a guide?... Does he wear glasses?... If so, of what description? ...

39  

(3) Was he born blind? If not, at what age did blindness occur? (State the age exactly, if known; if not, state it as nearly as you can.)

40  

(4) What is the supposed cause of blindness?

41  

(5) Has he attended, or does he now attend, school? If yes, where? (If in a special school for the blind, name it; if not, write "common school," "private school," "high school," "academy," "college," or "privately instructed at home.")

42  

(6) Were his (or her) parents first cousins? If not first cousins, were they otherwise related by blood to each other, before their marriage?

43  

(7) Were any of his relatives blind? (Write "Yes" or "No.") If yes, what relatives? (Father, mother, grandparents, brothers, sisters, uncles, aunts, and how many of each, so far as known.)

44  

(8) What occupation does he follow for a livelihood, if any?

45  

ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL,
Expert Special Agent.

46  

CERTIFICATE.

47  

I hereby certify that the answers given to the foregoing questions are true, to the best of my knowledge and belief.

48  

Sign here. Name of informant
Post office address..
Street and number.
Additional remarks, if any.

49  

It is from the data contained in the personal schedules returned to the Office that the appended tables have been compiled.

50  

The enumerators reported a total of 101,123 persons alleged to be blind as defined in the instructions contained in the schedules, but this number was greatly reduced as a result of the correspondence directly with the individuals, 8,842 reporting that the alleged defect did not exist, and 6,544 that they were blind only in one eye but were able to see with the other, and hence did not come within the scope of the inquiry. No replies were received in 19,884 cases in which personal schedules were sent, although repeated inquiries were made; consequently these cases were dropped. In 380 cases the personal schedules returned were too incomplete for use, and in 75 cases duplication was discovered. The number eliminated for the reasons specified was 35,725.


Page 3:

51  

It was also found that the defects alleged by the enumerators did not, in many cases, agree with those disclosed by the personal schedules. In 561 cases reported by the enumerators simply as deaf or deaf and dumb, blindness also was shown to exist, and in 1,196 cases in which blindness was alleged by the enumerators there was no defect of vision disclosed by the personal schedules.

52  

The result of the correspondence with the persons alleged by the enumerators in their preliminary return , to be blind, as set forth above, indicates that the accuracy of statistics of this class based upon the enumerators' returns are likely to be seriously defective, and that the personal particulars obtained by direct correspondence with the individuals are much more reliable. It also indicates that any comparisons with the published statistics of 1890 would be misleading.

53  

Much of the detailed information furnished in the personal schedules is necessarily indefinite, particularly that relating to the causes of blindness, which, being stated in the language of the individuals, who are in many cases ignorant of the facts or are illiterate, does not permit a thoroughly scientific classification of the causes of blindness.

54  

The number of cases remaining for statistical treatment, after making the eliminations and corrections described, was 64,763, representing 35,645 totally blind and 29,118 partially blind. This number, however, can be considered only as the minimum, as an unknown proportion of the blind were not located by the enumerators, and doubtless a considerable proportion of the 19,884 persons who failed to return the personal schedules should be included in the total. The number of partially blind by no means represents the facts as to defective eyesight among people, but so far as the returns cover the field they represent verified cases, and possess a greater authenticity than any heretofore secured.

55  

Notwithstanding the probable deficiencies in the returns the figures furnish a basis for determining, with fair accuracy, the seat of the cause of blindness and the relative frequency of different diseases of the eye producing loss or impairment of vision.

56  

SUMMARY OF RESULTS.

57  

The principal facts concerning the blind set forth in the general tables are those relating to sex, color, general nativity, marital condition, present age and age at which blindness occurred, causes of blindness, and occupations. Consanguinity of parents, the number of the blind having blind relatives, and the educational advantages as indicated by school attendance are also shown.

58  

The general relation of these data to the blind, distinguished as totally and partially blind, is shown briefly in the following tables and comments:

59  

Sex. -- Of the 64,763 blind reported, 37,054, or 57.2 per cent, are males, and 27,709, or 42.8 per cent, are females, the number per 100,000 of corresponding population being: Total, 85.2; male, 95.5; female, 74.5. The numbers, percentages, and ratios to population are shown in relation to sex and degree of blindness in Table I.

60  

Regarding the degree of blindness, it is shown that 35,645, or 55 per cent, of the blind are totally blind, and 29,118, or 45 per cent, are partially blind. Of the totally blind, 56.5 per cent are males and of the partially blind, 58.1 per cent. To state these facts in another way, blind males show a smaller proportion of their number totally blind than do blind females, the respective percentages being 54.4 and 55.9. The number of totally blind per 100,000 of total population is 46.9; in the male population, 51.9; and in the female population, 41.7. The corresponding numbers per 100,000 for the partially blind are 38.3, 43.6, and 32.8, respectively. These figures indicate that blindness, both total and partial, is more common among males than females.

61  

Table I. -- The blind, by degree of blindness and sex.

62  

SEX. The blind. The totally blind. The partially blind.
Number:
Total 64,763 35,645 29,118
Male 37,054 20,144 16,910
Female 27,709 15,501 12,208
Per cent distribution:
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
Male 57.2 56.5 58.1
Female 42.8 43.5 41.9
Number per 100,000 population of same sex:
Both sexes 85.2 46.9 38.3
Male 95.5 51.9 43.6
Female 74.5 41.7 32.8

63  

States and territories. -- The distribution, by degree of blindness, of the blind and the number of each class per 100,000 of the population are shown for states and territories in Table II.

64  

Table II.-- THE BLIND, BY DEGREE OF BLINDNESS, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES.

65  

STATE OR TERRITORY. The blind. The totally blind. The partially blind PER CENT: NUMBER PER 100,000 OF POPULATION:
The blind The totally blind.The blind. The totally blind.The partially blind.
Continental United States 64,763 35,645 29,118 55.0 45.0 85.2 46.9 38.2
North Atlantic division 15,777 9,257 6,520 58.7 41.3 75.0 44.0 31.0
New England 4,946 2,789 2,057 57.6 42.2 86.7 49.9 36.8
Maine 724 386 338 53.3 46.7 104.3 55.6 48.7
New Hampshire 417 262 155 62.8 37.2 101.3 63.6 37.7
Vermont 456 247 209 54.2 45.8 132.7 71.9 60.8
Massachusetts 2,217 1,260 957 56.8 43.2 79.0 44.9 34.1
Rhode Island 285 182 103 63.9 36.1 66.5 42.5 24.0
Connecticut 747 452 205 60.5 39.5 82.2 49.7 32.5
Southern North Atlantic 10,931 6,468 4,463 59.2 40.8 70.7 41.8 28.9
New York 5,486 3,287 2,199 59.9 40.1 75.5 45.2 30.3
New Jersey 1,004 612 392 61.0 39.0 53.3 32.520.8
Pennsylvania 4,441 2,569 1,872 57.8 42.270.5 40.8 29.7
South Atlantic division 9,159 5,074 4,085 55.4 44.6 87.7 48.6 39.1
Northern South Atlantic 3,841 2,104 1,737 54.8 45.2 86.0 47.1 38.9
Delaware 142 76 66 53.5 46.5 76.8 41.1 35.7
Maryland 983 560 423 57.0 43.0 82.7 47.1 35.6
District of Columbia 202 129 73 63.9 36.1 72.5 46.3 26.2
Virginia 1,589 886 703 55.8 44.2 85.7 47.8 37.9
West Virginia 925 453 472 49.0 51.0 96.5 47.3 49.2
Southern South Atlantic5,318 2,970 2,348 55.8 44.2 88.949.7 39.3
North Carolina 1,788 992 796 55.5 44.5 94.4 52.4 42.0
South Carolina 1,102 617 485 56.0 44.0 82.2 46.0 36.2
Georgia 2,034 1,138 896 55.9 44.1 91.8 51.4 40.4
Florida 394 223 171 56.6 43.4 74.5 42.2 32.3
North Central division 23,380 12,360 11,020 52.9 47.1 88.8 46.9 41.9
Eastern North Central 14,666 7,819 6,847 53.3 46.7 91.7 48.9 42.8
Ohio 4,466 2,452 2,014 54.9 45.1 107.4 59.0 48.4
Indiana 2,987 1,511 1,476 50.6 49.4 118.7 60.0 58.7
Illinois 3,767 1,990 1,777 52.8 47.2 78.1 41.3 36.8
Michigan 1,946 1,049 89753.9 46.1 80.4 43.3 37.1
Wisconsin 1,500 817 683 54.5 45.5 72.5 39.5 33.0
Western North Central 8,714 4,541 4,173 52.1 47.9 84.2 43.9 40.3
Minnesota 887 526 361 59.3 40.7 50.6 30.0 20.6
Iowa 2,014 1,027 997 50.5 49.5 90.2 45.5 44.7
Missouri 3,325 1,678 1,647 50.5 49.5 107.0 54.0 53.0
North Dakota 168 94 74 56.0 44.0 52.6 29.4 23.2
South Dakota 280 161 119 57.5 42.5 69.7 40.1 29.6
Nebraska 640 361 279 56.4 43.6 60.0 33.8 26.2
Kansas 1,400 704 696 50.3 49.7 95.2 47.9 47.3
South Central division 13,485 7,134 6,35152.9 47.1 95.8 50.7 45.1
Eastern South Central 8,221 4,256 3,965 51.8 48.2 108.9 56.4 52.5
Kentucky 2,780 1,353 1,427 48.7 51.3 129.4 63.0 66.4
Tennessee 2,400 1,170 1,230 48.8 51.2 118.8 57.9 60.9
Alabama 1,791 1,055 736 58.9 41.1 97.9 57.7 40.2
Mississippi 1,250 678 572 54.2 45.8 80.6 43.7 36,9
Western South Central 5,264 2,878 2,386 54.7 45.3 80.6 44.1 36.5
Louisiana 1,071 689 382 64.3 35.7 77.5 49.9 27.6
Arkansas 1,587 762 825 48.0 52.0 121.0 58.1 62.9
Indian Territory 261 134 127 51.3 48.7 66.6 34.2 32.4
Oklahoma 250 117 133 46.8 53.2 62.8 29.4 33.4
Texas 2,095 1,176 919 56.1 43.9 68.7 38.6 30.1
Western division 2,962 1,820 1,142 61.4 38.6 72.4 44.5 27.9
Rocky Mountain 975 650 325 66.7 33.3 79.1 52.7 26.4
Montana 99 69 30 69.7 30.3 40.7 28.4 12.3
Idaho 111 68 43 61.3 38.7 68.6 42.0 26.6
Wyoming 20 13 7 65.0 35.0 21.6 14.0 7.6
Colorado 295 190 105 64.4 35.6 54.7 35.2 19.5
New Mexico 450 310 140 68.9 31.1 230.4 158.7 71.7
Basin and Plateau 332 206 126 62.0 38.0 75.1 46.6 28.5
Arizona 69 44 25 63.8 36.2 56.1 35.8 20.3
Utah 207 118 89 57.0 43.0 74.8 42.6 32.2
Nevada 56 44 12 78.6 21.4 132.3 103.9 28.4
Pacific 1,655 964 691 58.2 41.8 68.5 39.9 28.6
Washington 210 117 93 55.7 44.3 40.5 22.6 1.9
Oregon 249 150 99 60.2 39.8 60.2 36.3 23.9
California 1,196 697 499 58.3 41.7 80.5 46.9 33.6


Page 4:

66  

Color. -- The number of white persons returned as blind is 56,535, of which 30,359 are totally blind and 26,176 are partially blind. The number of colored blind is 8,228. This includes 7,646 negroes, 568 Indians, and 14 Chinese or Japanese, which, in the tables, are grouped under the caption "colored." Of the 8,228 colored, 5,286 are totally blind and 2,942 partially blind. The numbers, with the percentages of each class, and the number per 100,000 of corresponding population are shown in Table III.

67  

The figures in the following table show that of the blind whites, 53.7 per cent are totally blind and 46.3 per cent are partially blind. Of the colored blind, the per cent totally blind is much greater, being 64.2; while the per cent partially blind is correspondingly less (35.8). The number of blind per 100,000 is greater in the colored population (89.6) than in the white (84.6). The number of totally blind per 100,000 is also greater among the colored than among the whites, but the number of partially blind per 100,000 is smaller.

68  

Table III. The blind, by degree of blindness and color.

69  

Color. The Blind. The totally blind. The partially blind.
Number:
White. 56,535 30.359 26,176
Colored 8,228 5,286 2,942
Per cent distribution by degree of blindness
White 100.0 53.7 46.3
Colored 100.0 64.2 35.8
Number per 100,000 population of same color:
White 89.6 45.4 39.2
Colored 89.6 57.6 32.0

70  

Table IV shows the number of white and colored blind, by degree of blindness, in each state and territory, with the number per 100,000 of corresponding population.

71  

COLOR.

72  

Table IV.-- THE BLIND, BY DEGREE OF BLINDNESS AND COLOR, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES.

73  

STATE OR TERRITORY. WHITE.
Number: Per 100,000 of population:
The blind. The totally blind. The partially blind. The blind. The totally blind. The partially blind.
Continental United States 56,535 30,359 26,176 84.6 45.4 39.2
North Atlantic division 15,461 9,039 6,422 74.9 43.8 31.1
New England 4,793 2,750 2,043 86.7 49.7 37.0
Maine: 724 386 338 104.6 55.8 48.8
New Hampshire 417 262 155 101.5 63.8 37.7
Vermont: 454 246 208 132.4 71.7 60.7
Massachusetts 2,186 1,236 950 78.9 44.6 34.3
Rhode Island 275 174 101 65.6 41.5 24.1
Connecticut 737 446 291 82.6 50.0 32.6
Southern North Atlantic 10,668 6,289 4,379 70.6 41.6 29.0
New York 5,398 3,220 2,178 75.4 45.0 30.4
New Jersey 986 571 365 51.6 31.5 20.1
Pennsylvania 4,334 2,498 1,836 70.6 40.7 29.9
West Virginia 890 428 462 97.2 46.750.5
South Atlantic division 6,015 3,105 2,910 89.7 46.3 43.4
Northern South Atlantic 2,896 1,495 1,401 85.0 43.9 41.1
Delaware 123 63 60 79.9 40.9 39.0
Maryland 742 412 330 77.9 43.4 34.6
District of Columbia123725164.237.626.6
Virginia1,01852049885.343.641.7
West Virginia89042846297.246,7 50.5
Southern South Atlantic3,1191,6101,50994.548.845.7
North Carolina1,25365859599.252.147.1
South Carolina49126222988.047.041.0
Georgia1,16159856398.350.647.7
Florida2149212271.930.941.0
North Central division22,658 11,882 10,776 87.946.141.8
Eastern North Central14,364 7,614 6,75091.4 48.443.0
Ohio 4,321 2,3481,983 106.4 57.8 48.6
Indiana 2,934 1,474 1,460 119.3 59.9 59.4
Illinois 3,717 1,962 1,755 78.5 41.4 37.1
Michigan 1,911 1,024 887 79.7 42.7 37.0
Wisconsin 1,481 806 675 72.0 39.8 32.8
Western North Central 8,294 4,268 4,026 82.4 42.4 40.0
Minnesota 866 509 357 49.9 29.3 20.6
Iowa 1,998 1,008 990 90.0 45.4 44.6
Missouri 3,132 1,537 1,595 106.4 52.2 54.2
North Dakota 129 76 53 41.4 24.4 17.0
South Dakota 199 114 85 52.3 30.0 22.3
Nebraska 626 350 276 59.2 33.1 26.1
Kansas 1,344674 670 94.9 47.6 47.3
South Central division 9,778 4,771 5,007 99.6 48.6 51.0
Eastern South Central5,9112,8153,096117.255.861.4
Kentucky2,4001,1141,286128.959.869.1
Tennessee1,9008611,039123.455.967.5
Alabama1,039544495103.854.349.5
Mississippi57229627689.246.243.0
Western South Central3,8671,9561,91181.141.040.1
Louisiana52031820271.343.627.7
Arkansas1,271556715134.658.975.7
Indian Territory176839358.127.430.7
Oklahoma2179612159.026.132.9
Texas1,68390378069.337.232.1
Western division2,6231,5621,06167.740.327.4
Rocky Mountain85356828572.348.224.1
Montana72472531.820.811.0
Idaho68472144.030.413.6
Wyoming169718.010.17.9
Colorado29118716455.035.319.7
New Mexico406278128225.3154.371.0
Basin and Plateau25814811064.436.927.5
Arizona39241542.025.816.2
Utah2001148673.441.831.6
Nevada1910953.728.325.4
Pacific1,51284666665.936.929.0
Washington189989138.019.718.3
Oregon2031148951.428.922.5
California1,12063448679.845.234.6


Page 5:

74  

Table IV.-- THE BLIND, BY DEGREE OF BLINDNESS AND COLOR, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES. (continued)

75  

STATE OR TERRITORY. COLORED.
Number: Per 100,000 of population:
The blind. The totally blind. The partially blind. The blind. The totally blind. The partially blind.
Continental United States 8,228 5,286 2,942 89.6 57.6 32.0
North Atlantic division 316 218 98 77.3 53.3 24.0
New England 53 39 14 81.5 60.0 21.5
Maine: - - - - - -
New Hampshire - - - - - -
Vermont: 2 1 1 229.9 115.0 114.9
Massachusetts 31 24 7 87.1 67.4 19.7
Rhode Island10 8 2 105.2 84.2 21.0
Connecticut10 6 4 62.5 37.5 25.0
Southern North Atlantic263 179 84 76.5 52.1 24.4
New York88 67 21 78.6 59.8 18.8
New Jersey 68 41 27 95.3 57.5 37.8
Pennsylvania107 71 36 66.7 44.3 22.4
South Atlantic division 3,144 1,969 1,175 84.1 52.7 31.4
Northern South Atlantic945 609 336 89.3 57.5 31.8
Delaware19 13 6 61.8 42.3 19.5
Maryland241 148 93 102.3 62.8 39.5
District of Columbia79572290.665.425.2
Virginia57136620586.355.331.0
West Virginia35251080.357.422.9
Southern South Atlantic2,1991,36083982.150.831.3
North Carolina53533420184.953.031.9
South Carolina61135525678.145.432.7
Georgia87354033384.352.132.2
Florida1801314977.956.721.2
North Central division722478244129.6 85.843.8
Eastern North Central30220597109.674.435.2
Ohio 145 104 41 148.9 106.8 42.1
Indiana 53 37 16 91.4 63.8 27.6
Illinois 50 28 22 57.7 32.3 25.4
Michigan 35 25 10 156.1 111.5 44.6
Wisconsin 19 11 8 170.7 98.8 71.9
Western North Central420 273 147 149.1 96.9 52.2
Minnesota 21 17 4 146.3 118.4 27.9
Iowa 16 9 7 121.3 68.2 53.1
Missouri 193 141 52 119.2 87.1 32.1
North Dakota 39 18 21 524.6 242.1 282.5
South Dakota81 47 34 388.4 225.4 163.0
Nebraska 14 11 3 143.2 112.5 30.7
Kansas 56 30 25 103.4 55.4 48.0
South Central division 3,707 2,363 1,34486.955.431.5
Eastern South Central2,3101,44180992.357.634.7
Kentucky380239141133.483.949.5
Tennessee500309191104.164.339.8
Alabama75251124190.961.829.2
Mississippi67838229674.542.032.5
Western South Central1,39792247579.352.327.0
Louisiana55137118084.556.927.6
Arkansas31620611086.156.130.0
Indian Territory85513495.157.138.0
Oklahoma332112107.168.238.9
Texas41227313966.243.922.3
Western division33925881155.6118.437.2
Rocky Mountain1228240227.8153.174.7
Montana27225158.4129.129.3
Idaho432122590.9288.6302.3
Wyoming44-114.9114.9-
Colorado43137.528.19.4
New Mexico443212291.3211.979.4
Basin and Plateau 74 58 16 179.4 140.6 38.8
Arizona30201099.966.633.3
Utah743163.493.470.0
Nevada37343533.9490.643.3
Pacific14311825116.295.920.3
Washington2119296.387.19.2
Oregon463610242.7189.952.8
California76631392.376.513.8

76  

The relation of color to blindness is shown in the following general tables:

77  

Table 1 gives details of color, nativity, and age.

78  

Table 3 gives details of color, nativity, age, sex, and age when blindness occurred.

79  

Table 8 gives details of color, nativity, cause of blindness, and sex.

80  

Table 12 gives details of color, school attendance, sex, and age.

81  

Table 13 gives details of color, school attendance, and age when blindness occurred.

82  

Table 15 gives details of color, age, sex, and occupations.

83  

Nativity of the blind whites. -- Of the 56,535 blind whites, 45,479 are native born and 10,694 are of foreign birth. The number and per cent of each class, by degree of blindness, and the number per 100,000 of corresponding class of population, are shown in corresponding class of population, are shown in Table v.

84  

Table V. -- The blind whites, by degree of blindness and nativity.

85  

Nativity. The blind. The totally blind. The partially blind.
Number:
Native white 45,479 23,636 21,843
Foreign born white 10,694 6,511 4,183
Unknown nativity (white) 362 212 150
Per cent distribution by degree of blindness:
Native white 100.0 52.0 48.0
Foreign born white 100.0 60.939.1
Number per 100,000 population of same nativity:
Native white 80.4 41.8 38.6
Foreign born white 104.7 63.7 41.0

86  

From these figures it appears that a smaller proportion of the blind are totally blind among native whites (52 per cent) than among foreign born whites (60.9 per cent).

87  

The number of blind per 100,000 of population is considerably greater among the foreign born white population than among the native white (foreign born whites, 104.7; native whites, 80.4). The difference is more marked for the totally blind (foreign born whites, 63.7; native whites, 41.8) than it is for the partially blind (foreign born whites, 41; native whites, 38.6).


Page 6:

88  

The greater proportion of blindness among the foreign born whites, as compared with the native whites, is due to the difference in the age distribution of the two classes, 46.5 per cent of the foreign born white population being over 40 years of age, while 49.5 per cent of the native white population is under 20 years of age. The differences in the proportions for the native and the foreign born whites are further explained in the discussions under "ages of the blind" and "age at which blindness occurred."

89  

The relation of nativity to blindness is shown in the following general tables:

90  

Table 1 gives details of nativity, color, and age.

91  

Table 3 gives details of nativity, color, age, sex, and age when blindness occurred.

92  

Table 8 gives details of nativity, color, causes of blindness, and sex.

93  

Age. -- Blindness, either total or partial, is so largely a defect of the aged, and occurs with so much greater frequency as the age advances and the population diminishes, that in any comparison of the proportion of the blind in the general population of different classes, such as native and foreign born whites, or white and colored, the age distribution of the population of each class should be constantly borne in mind. The differences in this respect account for many of the differences in the gross ratios, and it is only when ratios are compared for classes of population of identical ages that their relative liability to blindness can properly be inferred.

94  

The proportion of the general population of the stated classes of each age, per 100,000 of all ages, is shown in Table VI.

95  

Table VI. -- Proportion of the general population of each specified age per 100,000 of all ages.

96  

AGE PERIOD. POPULATION PER 100,000 OF ALL AGES:
White:Colored.
Native. Foreign born.
All ages100,000100,000100,000
Under 20 years49,453 10,504 50,302
20 years and over50,335 89,252 49,093
Age unknown 212 244605
Under 20 years49,453 10,504 50,302
20 to 39 years30,382 42,765 30,725
40 to 59 years14,772 31,846 13,529
60 to 79 years4,779 13,779 4,313
80 to 99 years401 959 497
Under 10 years27,138 1,954 27,070
10 to 19 years22,315 8,550 23,232
20 to 29 years17,813 19,745 19,231
30 to 39 years12,569 23,020 22,494
40 to 49 years9,102 17,685 8,099
50 to 59 years5,670 14,161 5,430
60 to 69 years3,287 9,358 3,030
70 to 79 years1,492 4,320 1,283
80 to 89 years374893407
90 to 99 years276590
100 years and over1429

97  

The figures given in Table VI show that the proportions of the native white and the colored population comprised in the specified age groups are very similar, while the proportions of foreign born whites at ages above 20 years greatly exceed those of the native whites; the proportion of foreign born whites between 60 and 80 years of age-- the period in which blindness most frequently occurs-- being nearly three times that of the native whites (foreign born whites, 13,678 per 100,000; native whites, 4,779 per 100,000).

98  

Table VII shows the classification, by degree of blindness, of the blind under 20 years of age, 20 years of age and over, and of unknown age, with respect to color and nativity, with the number at the specified ages per 100,000 of population in the same age group.

99  

Table VII.-- The blind, by degree of blindness, age periods, color, and nativity.

100  

DEGREE OF BLINDNESS AND AGE PERIOD. All classes. WHITE: Colored.
Total. Native. Foreign born.
Number:
The blind64,763 56,535 45,479 10,694 8,228
Under 20 years8,308 7,252 6,937 231 1,056
20 years and over56,165 49,067 38,388 10,420 7,098
Age unknown290 216 154 43 74
The totally blind 35,645 30,359 23,636 6,511 5,286
Under 20 years 4,123 3,543 3,377 129 580
20 years and over 31,363 26,704 20,179 6,363 4,659
Age unknown159 112 80 19 47
The partially blind 29,118 26,176 21,843 4,183 2,942
Under 20 years4,1853,7093,560102476
20 years and over24,80222,36318,2094,0572,439
Age unknown131104742427
Number per 100,000 population of same age:
The blind85.284.680.4104.789.6
Under 20 years24.725.024.821.522.9
20 years and over133.4130.5134.8114.3157.4
The totally bind46.945.441.863.757.6
Under 20 years12.312.212.112.012.6
20 years and over74.571.070.869.8103.3
The partially blind38.339.238.641.032.0
Under 20 years12.412.812.79.510.3
20 years and over58.959.563.944.554.1

101  

It will be seen from Table VII that among the blind under 20 years of age the number of totally blind is practically the same as the number of partially blind -- 4,123 and 4,185 being the respective numbers. But among the blind 20 years of age and over the totally blind are much more numerous, the number of totally blind being 31,363 and of partially blind, 24,802.

102  

It will also be seen from the preceding table that the number of totally blind under 20 years of age per 100,000 population of corresponding age is practically the same for native whites, foreign born whites, and colored, the numbers being, respectively, 12.1, 12, and 12.6. In the group 20 years of age and over the number totally blind per 100,000 of population is about the same for the native whites (70.8) and the foreign born whites (69.8), but is considerably greater for the colored (103.3) than for either class of whites.


Page 7:

103  

The number of partially blind per 100,000 of population in the age group under 20 years is greatest for the native whites (12.7), least for the foreign born whites (9.5), and intermediate for the colored (10.3). About the same relative difference occurs in the proportions for the group 20 years of age and over (native whites, 63.9; foreign born whites, 44.5; colored, 54.1).

104  

Table VIII shows the number of the blind, by present age and degree of blindness, and the number at each age per 100,000 of corresponding age.

105  

Table VIII. -- The blind, by degree of blindness and age periods

106  

AGE PERIOD. The blind.The totally blind.The partially blind.
Number:
All ages 64,763 35,645 29,118
Under 10 years 2,307 1,262 1,045
10 to 19 years6,001 2,861 3,140
20 to 29 years 4,8612,8512,010
30 to 39 years 5,0243,0771,947
40 to 49 years6,5043,7782,726
50 to 59 years 8,5304,7913,739
60 to 69 years 10,507 5,835 4,672
70 to 79 years 11,421 6,132 5,239
80 to 89 years 7,4993,8853,605
90 to 99 years 1,596851745
100 years, and over 23216369
Age unknown 290159131
Number per 100,000 population of same age:
All ages 85.246.938.3
Under 10 years 12.87.05.8
10 to 19 years 38.418.320.1
20 to 29 years 35.120.614.5
30 to 39 years 47.829.318.5
40 to 49 years 84.549.135.4
50 to 59 years 165.593.072.5
60 to 69 years 339.6188.6151.0
70 to 79 years 813.6436.8376.8
80 to 89 years 2,202.21,142.31,059.9
90 to 99 years 5,274.62,812.52,462.1
100 years and over 6,621.04,651.81,969.2
Age unknown 144.679.365.3

107  

The proportion of the population totally or partially blind, as shown in the above table, increases steadily with advancing years. In the age group 10 to 19 years there are more persons partially blind (20.1 per 100,000) than totally blind (18.3 per 100,000), but in all other age groups the totally blind exceed the partially blind.

108  

Table IX shows the number of blind under 20 years of age, 20 years of age and over, and of unknown age in each state and territory, with the number of each specified age per 100,000 of corresponding population.

109  

Table IX. -- The blind, by age periods, for states and territories.

110  

STATE OR TERRITORYTHE BLIND:
Number: Per 100,000 population of same age.
All ages. Under 20 years.20 years and over.Unknown age.Under 20 years.20 years and over.
Continental United States 64,763 8,308 56,175 290 24.7 133.4
North Atlantic division 15,777 1,55114,159 6719.0110.2
New England4,8464694,369823.3122.7
Maine72443681-17.1154.4
New Hampshire41729387120.5143.8
Vermont45619437-15.2201.0
Massachusetts2,2173031,910430.1106.7
Rhode Island28520263212.598.2
Connecticut74755691116.6120.0
Southern North Atlantic10,931 1,0829,7005917.6105.4
New York5,4865484,9132519.9109.0
New Jersey1,00481920310.981.0
Pennsylvania4,4414533,9573117.2108.4
South Atlantic division9,1591,5227,5825529.2145.7
Northern South Atlantic3,8416063,2132229.3134.9
Delaware14212128215.8118.1
Maryland983164814531.9121.4
District of Columbia20211189211.6102.7
Virginia1,5892391,341926.1143.2
West Virginia925180741438.1153.4
Southern South Atlantic5,3189164,3693329.1154.9
North Carolina1,7883531,4171835.4158.7
South Carolina1,102167932322.9153.1
Georgia2,0343511,674930.3159.2
Florida39445346317.4129.3
North Central division23,380 2,272 20,616 8823.3139.3
Eastern North Central14,666 1,70512,9006125.2140.3
Ohio4,4664703,9821427.8161.8
Indiana2,9873382,6351431.6182.9
Illinois3,7674953,2611124.2118.1
Michigan1,9452084,735320.7122.9
Wisconsin1,5001941,2871920.4115.2
Western North Central8,7149717,7162720.6137.7
Minnesota887145741117.978.9
Iowa2,0141771,836117.9148.2
Missouri3,3253612,9491525.7174.3
North Dakota16832134220.781.9
South Dakota28034246-17.4119.5
Nebraska64096539519.395.2
Kansas1,4001261,271318.8159.4
South Central division13,4852,18711,2306830.2165.4
Eastern South Central8,2211,2426,9423732.4188.0
Kentucky2,7804642,2991744.7208.5
Tennessee2,4004121,979940.8197.3
Alabama1,7912021,581821.1182.9
Mississippi1,2501641,083319.9149.8
Western South Central5,2649454,2883127.7138.4
Louisiana1,071138924919.5137.5
Arkansas1,5873181,2561346.0204.0
Indian Territory26142218119.9122.1
Oklahoma25046204-23.1103.1
Texas2,0954011,686825.0117.5
Western division2,9623722,5781223.3104.4
Rocky Mountain975156814531.2112.2
Montana992376-26,049.5
Idaho1111296316.3109.6
Wyoming20416-11.128.5
Colorado29549246-23.575.2
New Mexico45068380272.8375.4
Basin and Plateau33225304312.0131.4
Arizona69662111.887.6
Utah20717188211.9141.4
Nevada56254-14.0195.4
Pacific1,6551911,460421.696.5
Washington21044165121.853.3
Oregon24926222120.677.4
California1,1961211,073223.4112.1

111  

The relation of age to blindness is shown in the following general tables:

112  

Table 1 gives details of age, color, and nativity.

113  

Table 2 gives details of age, and age when blindness occurred.

114  

Table 3 gives details of age, color, nativity, sex, and age when blindness occurred.

115  

Table 12 gives details of age, color, sex, and school attendance.


Page 8:

116  

Table 15 gives details of age, color, sex, and occupations.

117  

Age when blindness occurred. -- The age at which blindness occurred has a most important bearing upon the statistics showing the relation of other factors to blindness; but the nature and development of the disability in certain cases prevent an accurate statement of the age at which it occurred, and where the exact age could not be given the individuals were requested to indicate the approximate age by specifying the period of life, as infancy, childhood, youth, adult life, or old age.

118  

This permits the subdivision of age of occurrence into two broad groups -- under 20 years and 20 years and over -- which have been used in all of the tables showing the age at which blindness occurred.

119  

Table X shows, by degree of blindness, the number who became blind in the specified age periods, and the number in each age period per 1,000 blind of all ages.

120  

Table X. -- The Bind, by degree of blindness and age period when blindness occurred.

121  

AGE PERIOD WHEN BLINDNESS OCCURRED. The blind.The totally blind.The partially blind.
Number:
Under 20 years20,704 11,500 9,204
20 years and over41,200 22,969 18,231
Age unknown2,859 1,1761,683
Number at each age per 1,000 at all ages
Under 20 years319.7322.6316.1
20 years and over636.2644.4526.1

122  

The figures in Table X include the foreign born whites, for which class the number who became blind under 20 years of age is inadequately represented, as the disability prevents their immigration; the proportions under 20 years are therefore somewhat too low, and those for 20 years and over are somewhat too high.

123  

Table XI shows, by degree of blindness, the number who became blind at the specified ages, and the number who became blind at each age per 1,000 blind of all ages.

124  

It will be seen from the figures that of the totally blind, 2,317, or 65 per 1,000, have been blind from birth, and that 2,084, or 58.5 per 1,000, became blind after birth but under 2 years of age. Of the partially blind, 2,413, or 82.9 per 1,000, are blind from birth, and 1,352, or 46.4 per 1,000, became blind before reaching 2 years of age. Thus the number who lost their sight, either entirely or partially, before reaching the age of 2 years, is 8,166, or 126.1 per 1,000 of the blind at all ages.

125  

CAUSES OF BLINDNESS.

126  

Table XI.-- The blind, by degree of blindness and age when blindness occurred.

127  

AGE WHEN BLINDNESS OCCURREDThe blind.The totally blind.The partially blind.
Number:
All ages64,763 35,645 29,118
Ages definitely stated:
At birth4,7302,3172,413
After birth and under 2 years 3,436 2,0841,352
2 to 4 years2,6061,4171,189
5 to 9 years3,7902,2191,571
10 to 14 years 2,8581,6851,173
15 to 19 years 2,3941,423971
20 to 39 years10,970 6,104 4,866
40 to 59 years 12,491 7,1545,337
60 to 79 years 13,793 7,8215,972
80 years and over 3,0111,6971,314
Ages indefinitely stated:
Infancy, childhood, or youth (under 20)890355535
Adult life or old age (20 and over) 935193742
Unknown 2,8591,1761,683
Number at each age per 1,000 of all ages:
All ages1,000.01,000.01,000.0
Ages definitely stated:
At birth 73.065.082.9
After birth and under 2 years53.158.546.4
2 to 4 years 40.239.840.8
5 to 9 years58.562.254.0
10 to 14 years 44.147.340.3
15 to 19 years 37.039.933.3
20 to 39 years 169.4171.2167.1
40 to 59 years192.9200.7183.3
60 to 79 years 213.0219.4205.1
80 years and over 46.547.645.1
Ages indefinitely stated:
Infancy, childhood, or youth (under 20) 13.810.018.4
Adult life or old age (20 and over)14.45.425.5
Unknown 44.133.057.8

128  

The proportion of congenital blind, or blind from birth, is greater among the partially blind (82.9 per 1,000) than among the totally blind (65 per 1,000); so, too, is the proportion that became blind under 5 years of age -- 170.1 per 1,000 of the partially blind and 163.3 per 1,000 of the totally blind. But the proportion that became blind in each age period above 5 years of age is greater among the totally blind than among the partially blind.

129  

The relation of age or period of life when blindness occurred is shown in the following general tables:

130  

Table 2 gives age of the blind and age when blindness occurred.

131  

Table 3 gives present age, sex, color, and nativity of the blind and age when blindness occurred.

132  

Table 4 gives the age when blindness occurred.

133  

Table 5, in greater detail than Table 4, gives the age when blindness occurred.

134  

Table 6 gives the data similar to those in Table 5, with greater detail as to age when blindness occurred.

135  

Table 7 gives the age when blindness occurred, sex, and marital condition.

136  

Table 10 gives the age when blindness occurred and causes of blindness.

137  

Table 13 gives the age when blindness occurred, color, and school attendance.

138  

Tables 14 and 16 give the age when blindness occurred and occupation.

139  

Table 17 gives the age when blindness occurred and age when deafness occurred.

140  

-SKIPPED PAGES 11-50-

141  

TABLE 13 THE BLIND, BY DEGREE OF BLINDNESS, COLOR, SCHOOL ATTENDANCE, AND PERIOD OF LIFE AND AGE WHEN BLINDNESS OCCURRED, FOR CONTNENTAL UNITED STATES: 1900.

DEGREE OF BLINDNESS, COLOR, SCHOOL ATTENDANCETotalPERIOD OF LIFE WHEN BLINDNESS OCCURRED AGE WHEN BLINDNESS OCCURRED
Childhood (Under 20).Adult Life (20 and over).Unknown Under 20.
Birth.Under 1.
The totally blind35,64511,50022,9691,1762,3171,618
White30,3599,98419,4729031,9931,504
Attended school11,8936,5675,0662601,155988
Special5,7875,194522711,020880
Other3,8479502,78011710476
Both664718123
Not specified2,1933761,746712929
Did not attend school13,3612,93210,129300734473
Not stated5,1054854,27734310443
Colored5,2861,5163,497273324114
Attended school1, 0345714362710234
Special38334724128222
Other3701542124159
Both33----
Not specified278672001153
Did not attend school3,7808702,72718320977
Not stated4727533463133>
The partially blind29,1189,20418,2311,6832,4131,021
White26,1768,29116,3701,5152,190962
Attended school10,8145,2725,0774651,421629
Special2,8132,66111339911432
Other5,0542,0112,818225412164
Both36297-73
Not specified2,9115712,1392019130
Did not attend school10,0542,5027,096456684298
Not stated5,3085174,1975948535
Colored2,9429131,86116822359
Attended school815398381367422
Special1571421234211
Other415205195152510
Both------
Not specified243511741871
Did not attend school1,8314611,2789213632
Not stated2965420240135


Page 9:

142  

TABLE 13 THE BLIND, BY DEGREE OF BLINDNESS, COLOR, SCHOOL ATTENDANCE, AND PERIOD OF LIFE AND AGE WHEN BLINDNESS OCCURRED, FOR CONTNENTAL UNITED STATES: 1900.(continued)

DEGREE OF BLINDNESS, COLOR, SCHOOL ATTENDANCE AGE WHEN BLINDNESS OCCURRED
Under 20. 20 and over.
1 to 45 to 910 to 1415 to 19Not stated.20 to 39.40 to 59.60 to 79.80 and over.Not stated.
The totally blind1,8832,2191,6851,4233556,1047,1547,8211,697193
White1,6491,9231,4441,1713005,0976,1206,7851,323147
Attended school1,1051,3529967612101,9681,5651,30220526
Special9471,094665409179429741612
Other1081762152482396190476513218
Both2121513-144---
Not specified4870101918564583521726
Did not attend school477474362341712,6443,3833,45260644
Not stated67978669194851,1722,03151277
Colored2342962412525510071,0341,03637446
Attended school91116105982522512665182
Special718152231618411-
Other16243747611962256-
Both-111------
Not specified41015273886039112
Did not attend school1301661261392373482083930232
Not stated13141015748881325412
The partially blind1,5201,571 1,1739715354,8665,3375,9721,314742
White1,3771,4131,0278504724,3124,7465,4391,196677
Attended school8349266694613321,7171,5541,378280148
Special4224132169217574261111
Other32338435725211993883879517671
Both1873-5-2--
Not specified88121891143870069057010376
Did not attend school458402266298961,9212,1652,377460173
Not stated85859291446741,0271,684456356
Colored1431581461216355459153311865
Attended school578075553517512268106
Special2226197155412-
Other3247413416103622262
Both----------
Not specified371514467564524
Did not attend school81706255253354114049038
Not stated5891134458611821

143  

TABLE 14 -- NUMBER AND PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY CLASS OF OCCUPATIONS OF THE BLIND 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER GAINFULLY EMPLOYED, BY DEGREE OF BLINDESS IN RELATION TO AGE WHEN BLINDNESS OCCURRED , FOR CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES: 1900.

A. -- NUMBER IN EACH CLASS OF OCCUPANTS.
CLASS OF OCCUPANTSTOTALPERIOD OF LIFE WHEN BLINDESS OCCURREDAGE WHEN BLINDNESS OCCURRED
Under 20
Childhood (Under 20).Adult Life (20 and over).Unknown Birth.Under 1.
The blind
All occupations 12,5064,4787,525503851413
Agricultural pursuits5,2731,1703,84925424054
Professional service1,40499338724210174
Domestic and personal service1,7835941,0979211934
Trade and transportation1,6715941,0176010545
Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits2,3751,1271,17573177106
The totally blind --
All occupations5,5812,3543,122105311262
Agricultural pursuits1,4242311,165283211
Professional service1,01076323611133133
Domestic and personal service642207413223310
Trade and transportation1,040376646184432
Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits1,465777662266976
The partially blind --
A. -- NUMBER IN EACH CLASS OF OCCUPANTS.
All occupants 6,9252,1244,403398540151
Agricultural pursuits3,8499392,68422620843
Professional service394230151137741
Domestic and personal service1,141387684708624
Trade and transportation631218371426113
Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits9103505134710830
B. -- PERCENT IN EACH CLASS OF OCCUPATIONS
The blind:
Agricultural pursuits42.226.151.150.528.213.1
Professional service11.222.25.24.824.742.1
Domestic and personal service14.213.314.618.314.08.2
Trade and transportation13.413.314.618.314.08.2
Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits19.025.115.614.520.825.7
The totally blind --
Agricultural pursuits25.59.837.326.610.34.2
Professional service18.132.437.326.610.34.2
Domestic and personal service11.58.813.221.010.63.8
Trade and transportation18.616.020.717.114.112.2
Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits26.333.021.224.822.229.0
The partially blind --
Agricultural pursuits55.644.261.056.738.528.4
Professional service5.710.83.43.314.327.2
Domestic and personal service16.518.215.517.615.914.9
Trade and transportation9.110.38.410.611.38.6
Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits13.116.511.711.820.019.9

144  

TABLE 14 -- NUMBER AND PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY CLASS OF OCCUPATIONS OF THE BLIND 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER GAINFULLY EMPLOYED, BY DEGREE OF BLINDESS IN RELATION TO AGE WHEN BLINDNESS OCCURRED , FOR CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES: 1900. (continued)

A. -- NUMBER IN EACH CLASS OF OCCUPANTS.
20 and over
1 to 45 to 910 to 1415 to 19Not stated.20 to 39.40 to 59.60 to 79.80 and over.Not stated.
The blind
All occupations 6948837797391193,2292,2641,71422197
Agricultural pursuits166217203253371,3071,2131,09916169
Professional service1811791429116209977632
Domestic and personal service83107123100285223402061613
Trade and transportation8612610910815594297110133
Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits178254202187235973172232810
The totally blind --
All occupations393514446393351,5438376359413
Agricultural pursuits294748622353343393679
Professional service14514112573131505333--
Domestic and personal service3843423922221037792
Trade and transportation5088837364141834171
Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits1311951481461240415591111
The partially blind --
All occupants 301369333346841,6861,4271,07912784
Agricultural pursuits137170155191359548707069460
Professional service36381718359444332
Domestic and personal service4564816126300237129711
Trade and transportation3638263591801146962
Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits4759544111193162132179
B. -- PERCENT IN EACH CLASS OF OCCUPATIONS
The blind:
Agricultural pursuits23.924.626.134.231.140.453.664.172.871.1
Professional service26.120.318.212.313.56.54.34.51.42.1
Domestic and personal service12.012.115.813.623.516.215.012.07.213.4
Trade and transportation12.012.115.813.623.516.215.012.07.213.4
Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits25.628.725.925.319.318.514.013.012.710.3
The totally blind --
Agricultural pursuits7.49.210.815.85.722.941.069.971.369.2
Professional service7.49.210.815.85.722.941.061.971.369.2
Domestic and personal service9.78.49.49.95.714.412.312.19.615.4
Trade and transportation12.717.118.618.617.226.821.96.57.47.7
Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits33.337.933.237.134.326.218.514.311.77.7
The partially blind --
Agricultural pursuits28.445.546.146.655.241.656.660.965.474.0
Professional service12.010.35.15.23.63.53.14.02.42.4
Domestic and personal service14.917.324.317.631.017.816.612.05.513.1
Trade and transportation12.010.37.810.110.710.78.06.44.72.4
Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits15.616.016.211.913.111.411.412.213.410.7


Page 10:

145  

-SKIPPED PAGES 52-63-

146  

THE DEAF.

147  

By Alexander Graham Bell.

148  

INTRODUCTION.

149  

This report relates to the deaf of the United States living on June 1, 1900.

150  

In accordance with the census act the enumerators of the Twelfth Census were required to return only the name, sex, age, and post office address of each deaf, or deaf and dumb person, leaving all further details to be ascertained subsequently through correspondence with the deaf persons themselves, or their parents or guardians.

151  

The nature of the instructions to the enumerators is indicated by the extract given on page 3.

152  

Upon receipt of the enumerators' special schedules containing lists of persons reported to be deaf, or deaf and dumb, a circular letter of inquiry, or individual schedule, was sent to each address given, asking whether the person had been correctly returned as deaf, or deaf and dumb, and requesting further information in the form of replies to specific queries.

153  

The special schools for the deaf in the United States were also requested to furnish the Census Bureau with the information contained in their school records concerning deaf pupils admitted between June 1, 1890, and June 1, 1900. Similar information concerning all pupils admitted from the opening of the schools up to June 1, 1890, had been collected in 1890 upon cards which have been preserved. The same form of card was used in 1900, and the complete card catalogue, arranged alphabetically, was employed in checking and verifying the returns made by the enumerators and by the deaf persons themselves in cases where the persons had attended special schools.

154  

The special schools for the deaf were also supplied, upon request, with lists of deaf children of school age within the territory covered by the schools, taken from the enumerators' returns, and the superintendents were requested to inform the Census Bureau of any erroneous returns discovered. The replies to the circular letter of inquiry, and the correspondence with heads of schools for the deaf, enabled the Census Bureau to eliminate from the enumerators' lists large numbers of persons who were only hard of hearing, or who had been erroneously returned as deaf, leaving a total of 89,287 persons with seriously impaired powers of hearing.

155  

Of these, 51,861 were not totally deaf, as they could understand loudly shouted conversation. The returns in these cases have been tabulated separately under the head of "partially deaf," although of course they represent only a portion of the partially deaf of the United States, every effort having been made to exclude persons merely "hard of hearing" from the returns.

156  

Persons returned as both blind and deaf numbered 2,772. Since the returns in these cases are included in the report on the blind because they were blind, they are also included in the present report on the deaf because they were deaf.

157  

Comparing the total number in the two afflicted classes, 71,795 persons were returned as blind and 89,287 as deaf; tut the aggregate number of blind and deaf is less than the sum of these two figures, because the blind-deaf cases are doubly reported.

158  

Blind (alone) 69,023
Deaf (alone) 86,515
Blind-deaf 2,772
Aggregate blind and deaf 158,310

159  

The present report differs in several important respects from former Census reports on the same subject.

160  

In order to secure as large aggregates as possible upon which to base the statistical analysis, the tables deal chiefly with the deaf of the whole of the United States, rather than with those of the states and territories individually, or of the counties contained in them.

161  

States and territories are the lowest units of geo- graphic distribution employed; county tables are omitted altogether, as they occupy space quite out of proportion to their real importance or value, and the figures are too small to yield statistical results of significance.

162  

Another difference relates to institution statistics: No special inquiry has been made through the Census Office concerning the deaf persons in institutions or schools for the deaf, as such inquiry appeared to be unnecessary in view of the fact that statistics of this character are collected no less than three times every year through other agencies. Such statistics are compiled by:

163  

1. The United States Government, through its Bureau of Education (published annually in the report of the United States Commissioner of Education).

164  

2. The Conference of Superintendents and Principals of American Schools for the Deaf (published annually in the "American Annals of the Deaf," Kendall Green, Washington, D. C).

165  

3. The American Association to Promote the Teaching of Speech to the Deaf (published annually in the "Association Review," Mt. Airy, Philadelphia, Pa.).

166  

The published results contained in these three sources of information are utilized in this report.

167  

The assigned causes of deafness are classified by their effect on the ear All the assigned causes act only indirectly, the true cause of deafness being in every case the injury to the ear and not the cause assigned.


Page 11:

168  

The present classification has been effected through the cooperation of a committee of experts -- Dr. Z. T. Sowers, general physician. Dr. Charles W. Richardson, aurist, and the late Dr. Swan M. Burnett, oculist, all of Washington, District of Columbia.

169  

Diseases that produce the same effect upon the ear are grouped together. For example, scarlet fever, measles, disease of ear, etc., operate to produce an abscess in the middle ear. They are therefore grouped together, and the deafness is assigned to a "suppurative condition of the middle ear."

170  

The assigned causes of deafness are also considered in connection with hereditary influences shown by the consanguinity of the parents or the possession of deaf relatives. Deaf relatives are classified into four groups: a, deaf brothers, sisters, or ancestors (relatives in the direct line); b, collateral relatives (uncles, aunts, cousins, and other relatives not a, c, or d); c, deaf children (sons or daughters); and d, deaf husbands or wives.

171  

The present report also differs from former reports in its treatment of occupations. In order that the occupations of the deaf may be compared with the occupations of normal persons, the same classification has been adopted as that employed in the Twelfth Census for the general population of the country.

172  

The occupations of the deaf are also considered in connection with sex, race, and education, so that the occupations of the whites can be compared with those of the colored, and the occupations of the educated deaf contrasted with those of the uneducated. In relation to the educated deaf, the kind of school attended is noted, so that the occupations of those who have been educated in special schools for the deaf may be compared with the occupations of those who have been educated in the ordinary public schools of the country, or who have not been educated at all.

173  

Another difference relates to the classification of the deaf themselves.

174  

In the earlier Census reports the attempt was made to enumerate the "deaf and dumb" alone, excluding all of the deaf who could speak. In the Tenth Census all persons who lost hearing before they reached the age of 16 years were classed as "deaf and dumb," whether they could speak or not; and in the Eleventh

175  

Census the deaf were divided into two broad classes based upon their ability to speak, viz, "the deaf and dumb" and "the deaf but not dumb."

176  

In the present report the age or period. of life when deafness occurred is adopted as the basis of classification; and the deaf are divided into two broad classes quite independently of their ability to speak -- "the deaf from childhood" and "the deaf from adult life."

177  

The ability to speak is an acquired condition, and not, therefore, suitable as a basis for classification. Speech is usually acquired through hearing and imitation, but it may also be acquired (independently of hearing) through special instruction; and, as a matter of fact, many deaf mutes are now taught to speak in a more or less intelligible manner. These cases make their appearance in the census returns as "deaf but not dumb," thus apparently reducing the numbers of the class "deaf and dumb," to which they originally belonged.

178  

It is very desirable that the classification of the deaf should be based upon a natural condition which can not be changed. The age or period of life when deafness occurred is a condition of this kind, and the deaf and dumb, whether they have been taught to speak or not, belong naturally to the class "deaf from child- hood," and are thus differentiated from that large class of speaking persons who lost hearing in adult life.

179  

Another noteworthy difference between this and former reports consists in the copious use 6f graphical diagrams upon a small scale, illustrating the tables. The smallness of the scale employed reduces to insignificance minor details, in which only small numbers are involved, thus bringing out clearly in relief the really salient features of the tables. The diagrams give a sort of bird's-eye view of the general features of the tables, and when closer inspection is desired the tables themselves give the details.

180  

All the information tabulated by the Census Bureau concerning the deaf will be found fully elaborated in the general tables. All other tables used in this report have been compiled from these. Tables 1 to 10 of the general tables are summary tables, giving a survey of the whole scope of the investigation.

181  

COMPARISON WITH FORMER CENSUSES.

182  

In taking the earlier censuses (1830 to 1870) the enumerators were instructed to return only those who were actually deaf and dumb; but in 1880 it was recognized that many of the so-called deaf and dumb could speak -- imperfectly perhaps, but still sufficiently to enable them to escape enumeration as persons totally deprived of the power of utterance. It was thus seen that the plan of limiting the returns to those who were unable to articulate failed to secure a full census of the class intended to be enumerated; and in taking the census of 1880 the plan was adopted of considering all persons who lost hearing in childhood as belonging naturally to the class " deaf and dumb," whether, as a matter of fact, they were able to speak or not.


Page 12:

183  

This same plan has been adopted in the present census, but it has been deemed advisable to extend the age limits assigned to "childhood" from 15 years (1880) to 19 years (1900), for the reason that special schools for the deaf and dumb are open to all deaf children of school age. All persons, therefore, who lost hearing before the age of 20 are admissible as pupils, and this quite irrespectively of their ability to speak. It has also been deemed advisable in the present report to designate this class as ' ' the deaf from childhood (under 20)," rather than the "deaf and dumb;" for it is manifestly incorrect to label as "deaf and dumb" a class of persons containing many members who can speak. For this reason the "deaf and dumb" of 1880 would more properly be termed "the deaf from childhood (under 16)."

184  

The inclusion of speaking persons in the returns of the deaf and dumb for 1880 is probably the main cause of the increased ratio per million noted for that census (Diagram 1).

185  

There are other causes, however. Previously to 1880 the accuracy of the census returns depended upon the enumerators alone, for there was no possibility of going behind their returns and correcting errors; but in 1880 the Census Bureau entered into correspondence with physicians residing in all parts of the country, through whose agency the enumerators' returns were checked and verified. Many names of deaf-mutes who had been overlooked by the enumerators were supplied to the Census Bureau by the physicians.

186  

This correspondence revealed the fact, which has been amply substantiated by the experience of the present census, that the returns of the ordinary enumerators regarding the deaf, or deaf and dumb, are erroneous in a large proportion of cases, and need correction and verification before being made the basis of statistical inquiries.

187  

In 1890 a new departure Vas made. Previously to that year the census returns related to a portion only of the deaf and not the whole, viz, the deaf and dumb (1830 to 1870), or those who were supposed to belong naturally to that class, even though they could speak (1880); but in 1890, instead of relying upon the enumerators to make the distinction desired, the attempt was made to take a census of the whole number of the deaf, and to have the dividing line drawn by experts in the Census Office during the examination of the returns.

188  

In 1890 the enumerators were instructed to make returns of all persons who were so deaf as to be unable to understand loudly shouted conversation, with the object of limiting the inquiry substantially to persons who were totally deaf.

189  

The dividing line was drawn in accordance with the practice of the earlier censuses and not with that of 1880. The deaf were divided into two broad classes, viz, the "deaf and dumb" and the "deaf but not dumb." Deaf-mutes who had been taught to speak in oral schools were included among the "deaf but not dumb," but comparison was made with former censuses on the basis of the "deaf and dumb" alone.

190  

Under such circumstances we would naturally expect to find a falling off in the ratio per million of population returned as deaf and dumb proportional to the activity displayed by the special schools in imparting speech to their pupils; and by reference to Diagram 1 it will be observed that there was a decrease in 1890 as compared with 1880.

191  

This falling off, however, is more apparent than real, because the returns of the deaf and dumb for 1890 included only persons who were reported as unable to speak; whereas those for 1880 included all persons who lost hearing before reaching the age of 16 years, many of whom possessed some power of speech. The true comparison, therefore, should be made with the earlier censuses, in which the returns were limited to those who were de facto deaf and dumb.

192  

In taking the Twelfth Census (1900) the plan of 1890 was adopted of taking a census of all of the deaf who were unable to understand loudly shouted conversation; but in accordance with a special statute of Congress the enumerators were required to report only the name, age, sex, and post office address of deaf, or deaf and dumb, persons discovered, leaving all other details to be ascertained by correspondence with the deaf persons themselves.

193  

After all corrections had been made in the data secured for the present report, it was found that of those who had been correctly reported as deaf, the majority were able to understand loudly shouted conversation, in spite of the specific instructions to the enumerators that such persons were not to be returned. Out of 89,287 deaf, 37,426 were totally deaf and 51,861 could hear loudly shouted conversation. These latter cases were too numerous to be ignored in the tabulation of the results, and the returns have therefore been analyzed under the head of "partially deaf," although of course the cases reported constitute only a small fraction of the partially deaf of the country.

194  

It must be difficult for enumerators, who are usually strangers to the persons they return, to decide definitely whether a person is or is not totally deaf; and we must credit the enumerators of the present census with the intention of fulfilling their instructions to the best of their ability. It is therefore probable that the majority of the partially deaf persons returned were laboring under serious defects of hearing, and were not simply "hard of hearing." They are believed, as a class, tQ be persons so deaf that it required correspondence with the persons themselves to ascertain the fact that they were not totally deaf.


Page 13:

195  

In the present census the proportion of the population reported as deaf and dumb (unable to speak at all) is less than one-half of that returned in 1890 (648 to the million in 1890, 321 to the million in 1900). (Diagram 1.)

196  

In explanation it may be said that many thousands of persons who belong naturally to the class "deaf and dumb" are reported, or rather reported themselves, in the present census as able to speak; so that it is obvious that the increased activity in articulation teaching in our schools for the deaf is responsible for a considerable portion of this result. It is doubtful, however, whether this explanation alone is sufficient to account for the great difference between the two censuses in this respect; and it is possible that there may have been an overestimate of the deaf and dumb in 1890 or an underestimate in the present census, or perhaps both suppositions may be correct.

197  

The returns of the 1890 census were based upon the reports of the enumerators alone, without verification by correspondence with the deaf persons, as in 1900, or by correspondence with physicians, as in 1880. It is therefore probable that erroneous returns, similar to those discovered in 1880 and 1900 through correspondence, exist uncorrected in the returns for 1890.

198  

On the other hand, several thousands of circular letters of inquiry, sent out to the addresses of persons reported as deaf by the enumerators of the present census, failed to bring any reply, in spite of repeated requests for information. These cases were therefore thrown out of the investigation as resting upon insufficient evidence. They may represent erroneous returns; but, on the other hand, it is possible that the enumerators were correct, and that the deaf persons reported belonged to illiterate families unable to respond by mail.

199  

Whatever may be the deficiencies of the present census, the information actually compiled is authoritative so far as it goes, because it is based upon statements made by the deaf persons themselves, or by parents, guardians, or friends intimately acquainted with the condition of the deaf persons considered.

200  

In addition to the "deaf and dumb" returned in 1890, 80,616 persons, or 1,287 per million of population, were reported as "deaf but not dumb," so that the whole number of deaf returned in the 1890 census was 121,178, or 1,935 per million of population; whereas, in the present census, 89,287 deaf are reported in all, constituting a ratio of 1,175 per million of population, and the number able to speak (including those who speak well and those who speak imperfectly) is 64,918, or 854 per million.

201  

Table I shows the number of deaf and dumb re- turned at each census since 1830 and the ratio per million of population, the figures for the present census including only those of the deaf who are "unable to speak at all."

202  

Table I. -- Number of deaf and dumb and the ratio per million of total population: 1830 to 1900.

203  

DEAF AND DUMB.
CENSUS. Total population Number. Ratio 1,000,000 of population
1830 12,866,020 6,106 475
1840 17,069,453 7,665 449
1850 23,191,876 9,803 423
1860 31,443,321 12,821 408
1870 38,558,371 16,205 420
1880 50,155,783 33,878 675
1890 62,622,250 40,592 648
1900 75,994,575 24,369 321

204  

Table II shows the "deaf from childhood" of the present census compared with the "deaf and dumb" of former censuses.

205  

Table II. -- Comparison of deaf from childhood in 1900 with deaf and dumb of former censuses: 1830 to 1900.

206  

CENSUS. Number. Ratio per 1,000,000 of population
1830, deaf and dumb 6,106 475
1840, deaf and dumb 7,665 449
1850, deaf and dumb 9,803 423
1860, deaf and dumb 12,821 408
1870, deaf and dumb 16,205 420
1880, deaf and dumb 33,878 675
1890, deaf and dumb 40,592 648
1900, deaf from childhood (known) 50,296 662
1900, deaf from childhood (estimated) 51,871 682

207  

-SKIPPED PAGES 69-86-

208  

TABLE XX. -- Number and present of deaf taught speech in special schools for the deaf in the United States for specific years.

209  

NUMBER TAUGHT SPEECH.PER CENT TAUGHT SPEECH.
YEARTotal schools.Total pupils.Total.Wholly or chiefly by oral method.Wholly or chiefly by auricular method.Total.Wholly or chiefly by oral method.Wholly or chiefly by auricular method.
1857201,721------
1863222,012------
1866242,469------
1867242,576------
1868272,898------
1869303,246------
1870343,784------
1871384,068------
1872364,253------
1873384,252------
1874444,892------
1875485,309------
1876495,711------
1877495,711------
1878496,166------
1879516,431------
1880556,798------
1881551,019------
1882557,155------
1883587,169------
1884617,4822,041--27.2--
1885647,8012,618--33.5--
1886668,0502,484--30.9--
1887697,9782,556--32.0--
1888738,3723,251--38.8--
1889738,5753,412--39.7--
1890778,9013,682--41.3--
1891779,2324,245--46.0--
1892807,9403,9241,581-49.419.9-
1893798,3044,4852,0568054.024.70.96
1894828.8254,8022,26010954.425.61.24
1895899,2525,0842,57014954.927.71.61
1896899,5545,2432,75216654.928.81.74
1897959,7495,4982,46616256,435.61.66
189810110,1395,8173,67211657.436.21.14
189911210,0876,2374,08912861.840.51.27
190011510,6086,6874,53810863.042.81.02
190111811,0286,9885,1477363.446.70.66
190212310,9527,0174,8886364.144.60.58
190312811,2257,4825,43310066.648.40.89
190413312,5347,6015,50815467.248.31.36


Page 14:

210  

-SKIPPED PAGES 87-256-

211  

TABLE 46. -- NUMBER AND PER CENT OF THE DEAF 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER ENGAGED IN EACH SPECIFIED GROUP OF OCCUPATIONS, BY AGE AND PERIOD OF LIFE WHEN DEAFNESS OCCURRED: 1900.

212  

OCCUPATION.TOTAL.PERIOD OF LIFE WHEN DEAFNESS OCCURRED.AGE WHEN DEAFNESS OCCURRED.
Childhood (under 20).Adult life (20 and over).Unknown.Under 20.
Birth.After birth, under 2.
Number:
The deaf --
All occupations32,14218,07313,1728974,0862,053
Agricultural pursuits14,0687,0736,6133821,871809
Professional service1,080566484305944
Domestic and personal service5,3163,3231,806187856336
Trade and transportation2,2361,0441,1316112976
Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits9,4426,0673,1382371,171788
Totally deaf
All occupants12,67811,1261,3502023,5101,655
Agricultural pursuits4,7614,078616671,542610
Professional service3873275195035
Domestic and personal service2,3952,12321359730266
Trade and transportation552444101711159
Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits4,5834,154369601,077685
Partially deaf --
All occupations19,4646,94711,822695576398
Agricultural pursuits9,3072,9955,997315329199
Professional service6932394332199
Domestic and personal service2,9211,2001,59312812670
Trade and transportation1,6846001,030541817
Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits4,8591,9132,76917794103
Per cent distribution:
The deaf --
All occupations100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0
Agricultural pursuits43.839.150.242.645.839.4
Professional service3.43.13.73.31.42.1
Domestic and personal service16.518.413.720.920.916.4
Trade and transportation6.95.88.66.83.23.7
Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits29.433.623.826.428.738.4
Totally deaf --
All occupations100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0
Agricultural pursuits37.636.745.633.243.936.9
Professional service3.02.93.84.51.42.0
Domestic and personal service18.919.115.829.220.816.1
Trade and transportation4.44.07.53.43.23.6
Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits36.137.327.329.730.741.4
Partially deaf --
All occupations100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0
Agricultural pursuits47.843.150.745.357.150.0
Professional service3.63.53.73.01.62.2
Domestic and personal service15.017.313.518.421.917.6
Trade and transportation8.68.68.77.83.14.3
Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits25.027.523.425.516.325.9

213  

TABLE 46. -- NUMBER AND PER CENT OF THE DEAF 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER ENGAGED IN EACH SPECIFIED GROUP OF OCCUPATIONS, BY AGE AND PERIOD OF LIFE WHEN DEAFNESS OCCURRED: 1900 (continued).

214  

OCCUPATION.AGE WHEN DEAFNESS OCCURRED.
Under 2020 and over
2 and under 5.5 and under 10.10 and under 15.15 and under 20.Not stated.20 and under 40.40 and under 60.60 and under 80.80 and over.Not stated.
Number:
The deaf --
All occupations4,0033,1052,1182,0986107,2273,5791,756116494
Agricultural pursuits1,3241,1168538382623,2871,9371,07182236
Professional service12714494702828812056416
Domestic and personal service7205883693451091,0954441701186
Trade and transportation20618717122649661304117643
Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits1,6261,0706316191621,89677434213113
Totally deaf --
All occupants2,8571,70272350017991630475748
Agricultural pursuits8265412822156240015436521
Professional service89954014431136-1
Domestic and personal service5163371409242157396110
Trade and transportation109754537869216-5
Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits1,317654216142632597721111
Partially deaf --
All occupations1,1461,4031,3951,5984316,3113,2751,681109446
Agricultural pursuits5755716232002,8871,7831,03577215
Professional service384954562425710750415
Domestic and personal service204251229253679384051641076
Trade and transportation9711212618941592283111638
Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits309416415477991,63769732112102
Per cent distribution:
The deaf --
All occupations100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0
Agricultural pursuits33.136.040.340.043.045.554.161.070.747.8
Professional service3.24.64.43.34.64.03.43.13.43.2
Domestic and personal service18.018.917.416.417.915.212.49.79.517.4
Trade and transportation5.16.08.110.88.09.18.56.75.28.7
Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits40.634.529.829.526.526.221.619.511.222.9
Totally deaf --
All occupations100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0***
Agricultural pursuits28.931.839.043.034.643.750.7***
Professional service3.15.65.52.82.23.44.3*-*
Domestic and personal service18.119.819.418.423.517.112.8***
Trade and transportation3.84.46.27.44.57.56.9*-*
Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits46.138.429.928.435.228.325.3***
Partially deaf --
All occupations100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0
Agricultural pursuits43.541.040.939.046.445.754.461.670.648.2
Professional service3.33.53.93.55.64.13.33.03.73.4
Domestic and personal service17.817.916.415.815.514.912.49.79.217.0
Trade and transportation8.48.09.011.89.59.48.66.65.58.5
Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits27.029.629.829.923.025.921.319.111.022.9

215  

* numbers too small for reliable rates

Page 1   All Pages

Pages:  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  10  11  12  13  14